📚 KS3 WJEC Music: Quick Guide to Key Terminology | KS3 WJEC 音乐：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering musical vocabulary is like learning the grammar of a new language – it helps you describe, analyse, and create music with precision. This guide covers the essential terms for KS3 WJEC Music, from dynamics and tempo to structure and harmony. Each term is explained clearly in both English and Chinese, making revision quick and effective.
掌握音乐词汇就像学习一门新语言的语法——它能让你精准地描述、分析和创作音乐。本指南涵盖 KS3 WJEC 音乐核心术语，从力度、速度到曲式与和声。每个术语均用英中双语清晰解释，让复习更快速高效。
1. Dynamics and Expression | 力度与表现
Pianissimo (pp) – very soft. Often used to create an intimate or mysterious mood.
极弱（pp）– 非常轻柔。常用于营造私密或神秘的氛围。
Piano (p) – soft. A gentle dynamic level, quieter than speaking voice.
弱（p）– 轻柔。比说话声音更安静。
Mezzo-piano (mp) – moderately soft. Slightly louder than piano, but still restrained.
中弱（mp）– 中等轻柔。比弱稍强但仍保持克制。
Mezzo-forte (mf) – moderately loud. A comfortable, speaking-level dynamic.
中强（mf）– 中等响亮。接近正常说话的音量。
Forte (f) – loud. Strong and confident, often used for climactic moments.
强（f）– 响亮。坚实有力，常用于高潮部分。
Fortissimo (ff) – very loud. Demands attention and can convey power or excitement.
极强（ff）– 非常响亮。引人注目，可传达力量或激动。
Crescendo (cresc.) – gradually getting louder. Often shown with a hairpin symbol (<) or written instruction.
渐强（cresc.）– 逐渐增强。常用渐强记号（<）或文字指示。
Diminuendo (dim.) / Decrescendo (decresc.) – gradually getting softer. Can create a sense of fading away.
渐弱（dim./decresc.）– 逐渐减弱。可营造逐渐消失的感觉。
Sforzando (sfz) – a sudden, strong accent on a single note or chord.
突强（sfz）– 对单个音或和弦施加突然的重音。
2. Tempo | 速度
Largo – very slow and stately, often conveying solemnity.
广板 – 非常缓慢而庄严，常传达肃穆感。
Adagio – slow and leisurely. A comfortable walking pace.
柔板 – 缓慢从容，如悠闲的步行速度。
Andante – at a walking pace. Flowing but not rushed.
行板 – 步行速度。流畅而不匆忙。
Moderato – moderate speed. Balanced and steady.
中板 – 中速。均衡稳定。
Allegro – fast, quick, and lively. Common in energetic movements.
快板 – 快速、活泼。常见于充满活力的乐章。
Vivace – very fast and vivacious, with brilliant energy.
活板 – 极快且富有生气，充满光彩活力。
Presto – extremely fast. Demands technical agility.
急板 – 极快。要求高超的技巧灵活性。
Accelerando (accel.) – gradually speeding up. Builds excitement.
渐快（accel.）– 逐渐加快。增强兴奋感。
Ritardando (rit.) / Rallentando (rall.) – gradually slowing down. Often used at the end of phrases.
渐慢（rit./rall.）– 逐渐放慢。常用于乐句结尾。
A tempo – return to the original speed after a change.
回原速 – 速度变化后回到原来的速度。
3. Pitch and Melody | 音高与旋律
Pitch – how high or low a sound is, determined by frequency.
音高 – 声音的高低，由频率决定。
Scale – a series of notes ordered by pitch. The major scale sounds bright; the minor scale sounds darker.
音阶 – 按音高排列的一串音符。大调音阶听感明亮；小调音阶较为暗淡。
Interval – the distance between two pitches. Can be a semitone, tone, and numbered as 2nd, 3rd, etc.
音程 – 两个音高之间的距离。可以是半音、全音，并以二度、三度等编号。
Step – moving to an adjacent pitch in a scale.
级进 – 移动到音阶中相邻的音。
Leap – moving to a pitch further away, skipping at least one scale degree.
跳进 – 移动到较远的音，至少跳过一个音级。
Phrase – a musical sentence, often ending with a sense of pause.
乐句 – 类似音乐中的句子，通常带有停顿感。
Motif – a short, distinctive melodic or rhythmic idea used throughout a piece.
动机 – 短小、独特的旋律或节奏素材，贯穿全曲使用。
Sequence – repeating a musical idea at a higher or lower pitch.
模进 – 在更高或更低的音高上重复一个音乐想法。
Ostinato – a persistently repeated musical pattern. Can be melodic, rhythmic, or both.
固定音型 – 持续重复的音乐模式。可以是旋律型、节奏型或两者结合。
Range – the span from the lowest to the highest note an instrument or voice can produce.
音域 – 乐器或人声能发出的最低到最高音符的范围。
4. Rhythm and Metre | 节奏与节拍
Beat / Pulse – the steady underlying heartbeat of the music.
拍 / 律动 – 音乐中稳定的基本脉搏。
Bar / Measure – a unit of time containing a set number of beats, marked by vertical lines.
小节 – 包含固定拍数的时间单位，用纵线划分。
Time signature – two numbers at the start showing how many beats per bar (top) and what note value gets one beat (bottom).
拍号 – 开头两个数字，上方表示每小节拍数，下方表示以何种音符为一拍。
Simple time – each beat divides into two equal parts. E.g., 2/4, 3/4, 4/4.
单拍子 – 每拍可均分为两部分。如 2/4、3/4、4/4。
Compound time – each beat divides into three equal parts. E.g., 6/8, 9/8.
复拍子 – 每拍可均分为三部分。如 6/8、9/8。
Syncopation – placing emphasis on normally weak beats or off-beats, creating a displaced, jazzy feel.
切分音 – 重音落在通常的弱拍或弱位上，产生错位、爵士感的效果。
Dotted rhythm – a dot after a note adds half its value, creating a long-short pattern.
附点节奏 – 音符后加点使时值增加一半，形成长短长短的模式。
Triplet – three notes played in the time of two, notated with a bracket and '3'.
三连音 – 在两拍的时间内均匀演奏三个音，标记为连线加数字3。
Rest – a symbol indicating silence for a specific duration.
休止符 – 表示特定时值沉默的符号。
5. Harmony and Tonality | 和声与调性
Chord – two or more notes sounded together. A triad is a three-note chord stacked in thirds.
和弦 – 两个或更多音同时发声。三和弦是由三度叠置的三个音构成。
Major chord – root, major third, perfect fifth. Sounds bright and happy.
大三和弦 – 根音、大三度、纯五度。听感明亮愉快。
Minor chord – root, minor third, perfect fifth. Sounds sad or serious.
小三和弦 – 根音、小三度、纯五度。听感忧伤或严肃。
Root – the bottom note when a chord is stacked in thirds.
根音 – 和弦按三度堆叠时的最下方音。
Inversion – a chord with a note other than the root in the bass. First inversion has the 3rd in the bass; second inversion has the 5th.
转位 – 和弦中由非根音担任低音。第一转位低音为三音；第二转位低音为五音。
Cadence – the progression of two chords that ends a phrase. Perfect (V–I) sounds finished; Plagal (IV–I) is the 'Amen'; Imperfect (I–V, etc.) sounds incomplete; Interrupted (V–vi) surprises.
终止式 – 结束乐句的两个和弦进行。正格终止（V–I） 听感完结；变格终止（IV–I） 即“阿门”终止；半终止（I–V 等） 听感未完成；阻碍终止（V–vi） 带来意外。
Key – the tonal centre, defined by a scale. Music can be in a major or minor key.
调 – 调性中心，由音阶决定。音乐可在大调或小调中。
Modulation – changing key during a piece. Common in the development section.
转调 – 乐曲中途改变调性。常见于展开部。
Drone – a sustained or repeated note, often the tonic or dominant, underpinning the harmony.
持续音 – 持续或重复的音符，常为主音或属音，支撑和声。
Pedal – a held or repeated note (usually in the bass) over which harmonies change.
持续音（踏板音）– 在变化的和声下方保持或重复的一个音（通常在低音部）。
6. Texture | 织体
Monophonic – a single unaccompanied melodic line. Everyone sings or plays the same tune.
单声部织体 – 无伴奏的单一旋律线条。所有人演唱或演奏相同曲调。
Homophonic – melody with chordal accompaniment. All parts move together rhythmically, common in hymns.
主调织体 – 旋律加和弦伴奏。所有声部节奏一致，常见于赞美诗。
Polyphonic / Contrapuntal – two or more independent melodies interwoven. Each line is of equal interest.
复调织体 – 两条或多条独立旋律交织。每条旋律同等重要。
Heterophonic – simultaneous variation of a single melody by different performers. Found in some folk traditions.
支声织体 – 不同表演者同时对一个旋律进行变奏。见于一些民间传统。
Melody and accompaniment – a prominent tune supported by chords or other figures. Very common in pop songs.
旋律加伴奏 – 突出的曲调由和弦或其他音型支持。流行歌曲中很常见。
Unison – all performers sound the same pitch or in octaves. Strengthens a line.
齐奏/齐唱 – 所有表演者发出相同音高或八度重复。增强旋律线条。
Canon / Round – a strict imitation where each voice enters with the same melody, overlapping. 'Frère Jacques' is a round.
卡农/轮唱 – 严格的模仿，各声部先后以相同旋律进入并重叠。《两只老虎》即为轮唱。
7. Structure and Form | 结构与曲式
Binary (AB) – two contrasting sections, often each repeated. Common in Baroque dances.
二段体（AB）– 两个对比段落，通常各自反复。常见于巴洛克舞曲。
Ternary (ABA) – three sections: opening material, contrasting middle, return of the opening. Gives a sense of restatement.
三段体（ABA）– 三个部分：开头素材、对比中部、开头再现。带来回归感。
Rondo (ABACA) – a recurring main theme (A) alternates with contrasting episodes. Often lively and cheerful.
回旋曲（ABACA）– 反复出现的主部（A）与对比插部交替。通常活泼愉快。
Theme and variations – a main melody is presented and then altered in successive variations (change in rhythm, harmony, texture, etc.).
主题与变奏 – 先呈示主题旋律，随后通过改变节奏、和声、织体等方式进行一系列变奏。
Strophic – the same music is repeated for each verse of a song (like a hymn or folk song).
分节歌 – 每段歌词均配以相同音乐（如赞美诗或民歌）。
Through-composed – music that is continuously different, with no large-scale repetition. Suitable for narrative texts.
通谱歌 – 音乐不断变化，无大规模重复。适合叙述性歌词。
Verse-chorus – alternating verses (with different lyrics) and a repeating chorus. The pop standard.
主歌–副歌 – 交替的主歌（歌词不同）和重复的副歌。流行音乐标准结构。
Bridge – a contrasting section linking verses and choruses, often before the final chorus.
桥段 – 连接主歌和副歌的对比段落，常在最后副歌前出现。
Coda / Outro – the concluding passage that brings a piece to a satisfying end.
尾声 – 结束段落，使乐曲圆满收束。
Introduction – the opening section that sets the mood and prepares for the main material.
引子 – 开篇段落，营造气氛并为主要素材做铺垫。
12-bar blues – a common chord progression: I,I,I,I, IV,IV,I,I, V,IV,I,V (often in a specific pattern). Foundation of blues and rock.
12 小节布鲁斯 – 常见和弦进行：I,I,I,I, IV,IV,I,I, V,IV,I,V（常遵循特定模式）。布鲁斯与摇滚的基础。
8. Timbre and Performing Media | 音色与演奏媒介
Timbre – the unique tone quality that distinguishes one instrument or voice from another, even when playing the same pitch.
音色 – 区分不同乐器或人声的独特声音品质，即使演奏相同音高也能辨别。
Strings – violin, viola, cello, double bass. Produced by bowing (arco) or plucking (pizzicato).
弦乐 – 小提琴、中提琴、大提琴、低音提琴。通过弓奏（arco）或拨奏（pizzicato）发声。
Woodwind – flute, clarinet, oboe, bassoon. Sound produced by blowing across an edge or through a reed.
木管 – 长笛、单簧管、双簧管、大管。通过吹气过边棱或簧片发声。
Brass – trumpet, horn, trombone, tuba. Sound produced by buzzing lips into a mouthpiece.
铜管 – 小号、圆号、长号、大号。通过嘴唇振动吹入号嘴发声。
Percussion – timpani, snare drum, cymbals, xylophone. Can be tuned (pitched) or untuned.
打击乐 – 定音鼓、小军鼓、钹、木琴等。可分为有音高和无音高两类。
Keyboard – piano, organ, harpsichord. Versatile in solo and accompaniment roles.
键盘 – 钢琴、管风琴、羽管键琴。在独奏和伴奏中功能多样。
Vocal ranges – soprano (high female voice), alto (low female), tenor (high male), bass (low male).
人声类别 – 女高音（高音女声）、女低音（低音女声）、男高音（高音男声）、男低音（低音男声）。
Con sordino – with mute. Softens and changes the timbre of brass and string instruments.
加弱音器 – 使用弱音器，柔化并改变铜管和弦乐的音色。
Pizzicato (pizz.) – plucking the strings with fingers, giving a short, percussive sound.
拨奏 – 用手指拨弦，发出短促、打击乐般的声音。
Arco – using the bow. Indicates return to bowing after pizzicato.
弓奏 – 使用弓拉奏。表示拨奏后恢复弓奏。
Flutter-tonguing – rolling the tongue while blowing into a wind instrument for a growling effect.
滚舌 – 吹奏管乐器时滚动舌头，产生咆哮般的效果。
9. Articulation | 演奏法
Legato – smooth and connected. Notes are played or sung seamlessly, often indicated by a slur line.
连奏 – 平滑连贯。音符无缝衔接，常以连线标示。
Staccato – short and detached. Indicated by a dot above or below the note.
断奏 – 短促分离。在音符上方或下方加点表示。
Accent (>) – a strong attack on a note, giving it emphasis. Notated with a wedge or horizontal accent mark.
重音（>）– 对某个音符施加强调性的强奏。用楔形或水平重音记号标示。
Tenuto – hold the note for its full value, often with a slight emphasis. Indicated by a short line over/under the note.
保持音 – 奏足音符时值，常带微许强调。用音符上下的短横线表示。
Marcato – marked and detached, with a more pronounced attack than an accent. Shown as an upside-down V.
着重音 – 突出重点且分离，比一般重音更具冲击力。记号为倒V形。
Slur – a curved line connecting notes of different pitches, indicating legato playing or singing.
连线（圆滑线）– 连接不同音高音符的弧线，表示连奏或连唱。
Tie – a curved line connecting two notes of the same pitch, combining their durations.
延音线 – 连接相同音高两个音符的弧线，合并其时值。
Fermata / Pause – a symbol (like an arc with a dot) over a note or rest, meaning hold it longer than written.
延长记号 – 在音符或休止符上方的一个弧加点的符号，表示比记谱时值更长。
10. Notation and Score Reading | 记谱法与读谱
Staff / Stave – the set of five horizontal lines and four spaces on which notes are written.
五线谱 – 由五条平行线和四个间组成，用于记录音符。
Clef – a symbol at the beginning of the staff to define pitch. Treble clef (G clef) for higher notes; bass clef (F clef) for lower notes. Alto and tenor clefs are C clefs.
谱号 – 各谱表开头的符号，确定音高。高音谱号（G谱号）用于较高音；低音谱号（F谱号）用于较低音。中音和次中音谱号为C谱号。
Key signature – sharps (♯) or flats (♭) after the clef, indicating the key. It tells which notes are consistently raised or lowered.
调号 – 谱号后的升号（♯）或降号（♭），标示调性。表明哪些音需持续升高或降低。
Accidental – a sharp (♯) raises a note by a semitone; a flat (♭) lowers it; a natural (♮) cancels a previous sharp or flat. Placed before a note.
临时记号 – 升号（♯）升高半音；降号（♭）降低半音；还原号（♮）取消之前的升或降。写在音符前。
Dynamics markings – letters (p, f, mf, etc.) and symbols (hairpins) indicating volume changes. Usually placed below the staff.
力度标记 – 字母（p、f、mf 等）和符号（渐强渐弱记号）指示音量变化。通常置于谱表下方。
Repeat signs – a double bar line with two dots, meaning go back to the beginning or the previous repeat sign and play again.
反复记号 – 带两点的双纵线，表示返回开头或上一个反复记号再次演奏。
D.C. al Fine – Da Capo al Fine: go back to the beginning and play until 'Fine' (end).
从头反复至 Fine – 返回开头，演奏至标有“Fine”（结束）处。
D.S. al Coda – Dal Segno al Coda: go back to the sign (segno) and play until you reach the instruction 'To Coda', then jump to the Coda section.
从记号反复至 Coda – 返回记号处演奏，直至看到“To Coda”指令，然后跳至尾声部分。
Time signature and note values – semibreve (whole note, 4 counts), minim (half, 2), crotchet (quarter, 1), quaver (eighth, ½), semiquaver (sixteenth, ¼). Equivalent rests have the same durations.
拍号与音值 – 全音符（4拍）、二分音符（2拍）、四分音符（1拍）、八分音符（½拍）、十六分音符（¼拍）。相应休止符时值相同。
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