📚 KS3 WJEC Philosophy: Glossary Quick Memorisation Guide | KS3 WJEC 哲学：词汇术语速记指南
Philosophy can feel like a maze of unfamiliar words, but every term unlocks a new way of thinking. This bilingual glossary is crafted for KS3 WJEC students to learn, recall, and use essential philosophical vocabulary with confidence.
哲学有时像一座陌生词汇的迷宫，但每个术语都能开启一种新的思考方式。这份双语词汇表专为 KS3 WJEC 学生设计，帮助你学习、记忆并充满信心地使用核心哲学术语。
1. What is Philosophy? | 什么是哲学？
Key terms that capture the spirit of philosophical inquiry and the tools used to explore big questions.
以下核心术语体现了哲学探究的精神以及用于探索大问题的工具。
Philosophy – The love of wisdom; using reason and logic to examine fundamental questions about life, reality, knowledge, and values.
哲学 – 热爱智慧；运用理性和逻辑来考察关于生命、现实、知识和价值的根本问题。
Wisdom – Not just knowledge, but the ability to apply insight and understanding to live well and make good judgments.
智慧 – 不仅仅是知识，更是运用洞察力和理解力好好生活并做出正确判断的能力。
Assumption – An unexamined belief or claim taken for granted; philosophers challenge assumptions to uncover hidden biases.
假设 – 未经审视、被视为理所当然的信念或主张；哲学家会质疑假设，以揭示隐藏的偏见。
Wonder – The starting point of philosophy; a sense of curiosity and puzzlement that drives questioning.
惊奇 – 哲学的起点；一种推动提问的好奇与困惑感。
Inquiry – A systematic process of asking questions, examining evidence, and testing ideas.
探究 – 一个系统性的过程：提出问题、考察证据并检验观点。
Philosophical question – A question that cannot be settled by simple observation or experiment alone, such as what makes an action right.
哲学问题 – 无法仅靠简单观察或实验解决的问题，例如什么使一个行为成为正确的。
2. Core Branches of Philosophy | 哲学的核心分支
Philosophy is often divided into branches, each asking a different kind of question. Learning the branch names helps you file new vocabulary into the right mental folder.
哲学通常被划分为若干分支，每个分支追问不同类型的问题。记住分支名称，能帮助你把新词汇归入正确的思维文件夹。
Metaphysics – The study of what is real, including existence, identity, time, and causation.
形而上学 – 研究何为真实，包括存在、同一性、时间与因果。
Epistemology – The study of knowledge: what it is, how we get it, and how certain we can be.
认识论 – 研究知识：知识是什么、我们如何获得知识，以及我们能有多确定。
Ethics – The study of right and wrong, good and bad, and how we should live.
伦理学 – 研究对与错、善与恶，以及我们应当如何生活。
Logic – The study of correct reasoning and the structure of arguments.
逻辑学 – 研究正确推理与论证结构的学科。
Aesthetics – The study of beauty, art, and taste.
美学 – 研究美、艺术与品味的学科。
Political philosophy – The study of justice, power, rights, and how societies should be organised.
政治哲学 – 研究正义、权力、权利以及社会应如何组织的学科。
3. Reasoning and Argument Terms | 推理与论证术语
Arguments are the backbone of philosophy. These terms let you describe exactly how reasons support a conclusion, and where reasoning may go wrong.
论证是哲学的骨架。以下术语让你准确描述理由如何支持结论，以及推理可能在哪里出错。
Argument – A set of statements in which some statements, called premises, are offered as support for another statement, called the conclusion.
论证 – 一组陈述，其中一些称为前提的陈述被用来支持另一个称为结论的陈述。
Premise – A statement offered as a reason in an argument.
前提 – 在论证中作为理由提出的陈述。
Conclusion – The statement that the premises are meant to support.
结论 – 前提所要支持的陈述。
Inference – The mental step from premises to conclusion.
推论 – 从前提到结论的思维步骤。
Deduction – Reasoning from general rules or premises to a conclusion that must follow.
演绎 – 从一般规则或前提出发，推出必然结论的推理。
Induction – Reasoning from particular observations to a general conclusion that is likely but not certain.
归纳 – 从个别观察推出一般结论，该结论可能成立但并非必然。
Validity – A property of arguments where, if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.
有效性 – 论证的一种性质：如果前提为真，结论必然为真。
Soundness – An argument is sound when it is valid and all its premises are actually true.
可靠性 – 一个论证既有效，且所有前提事实上都为真时，它就是可靠的。
Abduction – Inference to the best explanation; choosing the most reasonable explanation among competing ones.
溯因 – 推出最佳解释的推理；在相互竞争的解释中选择最合理的一个。
4. Logic Tools and Fallacies | 逻辑工具与谬误
Philosophers use logic to test reasoning. A fallacy is a common mistake in reasoning, while tools such as counterexamples help us expose weak claims.
哲学家运用逻辑来检验推理。谬误是推理中常见的错误，而反例等工具帮助我们揭露薄弱的观点。
Fallacy – A common error in reasoning that makes an argument unreliable.
谬误 – 推理中常见的错误，会使论证不可靠。
Syllogism – A deductive argument with two premises and a conclusion, often written in a formal pattern.
三段论 – 由两个前提和一个结论组成的演绎论证，通常以固定形式表达。
Counterexample – A case that shows a general claim is false.
反例 – 用来说明某个一般性主张为假的例子。
Contradiction – Two statements that cannot both be true at the same time.
矛盾 – 两个不能同时为真的陈述。
Paradox – A set of statements that seems contradictory but may reveal a deeper problem in our concepts.
悖论 – 一组看似矛盾、但可能揭示概念深层问题的陈述。
Rhetoric – The art of persuasive language, which can be used well or badly.
修辞 – 说服性语言的艺术，既可正当使用，也可被滥用。
Circular reasoning – An argument that assumes what it is trying to prove.
循环论证 – 把试图证明的结论当作前提来使用的论证。
Straw man – Misrepresenting someone's argument to make it easier to attack.
稻草人谬误 – 歪曲他人的论证，使其更容易被攻击。
5. Knowledge and Belief | 知识与信念
Epistemology asks what knowledge is and how it differs from mere belief. These terms are central to KS3 discussions about truth, evidence, and doubt.
认识论追问知识是什么，以及它如何区别于单纯的信念。以下术语是 KS3 讨论真理、证据与怀疑时的核心。
Knowledge – Justified true belief, though philosophers debate whether this definition is complete.
知识 – 被证成的真信念，不过哲学家仍在争论这个定义是否完整。
Belief – Something a person accepts as true.
信念 – 一个人接受为真的事物。
Justification – Evidence or reasons that support a belief.
证成 – 支持某个信念的证据或理由。
Truth – What corresponds to reality; a statement is true when it matches the facts.
真理 – 与实在相符者；当陈述与事实一致时，它就是真的。
Scepticism – The view that knowledge may be impossible, or that we should doubt claims until they are proven.
怀疑论 – 认为知识可能不可能，或主张在得到证明前应怀疑各种主张的观点。
Rationalism – The view that reason is the main source of knowledge.
理性主义 – 认为理性是知识主要来源的观点。
Empiricism – The view that experience and observation are the main sources of knowledge.
经验主义 – 认为经验与观察是知识主要来源的观点。
A priori – Knowledge known through reason alone, independent of experience.
先验 – 仅通过理性获得、不依赖经验的知识。
A posteriori – Knowledge known through experience or observation.
后验 – 通过经验或观察获得的知识。
6. Reality and Existence | 现实与存在
Metaphysics explores what exists and what it means for something to be real. These words help you discuss change, identity, cause, and freedom.
形而上学探讨什么存在，以及某物是真实的是什么意思。以下词汇帮助你讨论变化、同一性、因果与自由。
Reality – What actually exists, independent of what we may think or believe.
实在 – 实际存在之物，不依赖我们怎么想或相信什么。
Existence – The state of being real or present in the world.
存在 – 在世界中真实或在场存在的状态。
Being – The most general term for what there is.
存有 – 对存在之物的最一般称谓。
Substance – The underlying entity that supports properties and remains through change.
实体 – 支撑属性并在变化中保持自身的底层存在者。
Identity – What makes something the same thing over time.
同一性 – 使某物在时间中保持为同一事物的东西。
Change – The process by which something becomes different.
变化 – 某物变得不同的过程。
Cause – Something that brings about an effect.
原因 – 引起某个结果的东西。
Determinism – The view that every event is caused by previous events, so the future may be fixed.
决定论 – 认为每个事件都由先前事件引起、因此未来可能已被固定的观点。
Free will – The ability to choose and act without being completely determined by prior causes.
自由意志 – 不被先前原因完全决定而能选择与行动的能力。
7. Mind, Self and Consciousness | 心灵、自我与意识
Philosophy of mind asks what the mind is and how it relates to the body. These terms are useful for questions about personal identity and consciousness.
心灵哲学追问心灵是什么，以及它如何与身体相关。以下术语有助于讨论人格同一性与意识问题。
Mind – The part of a person that thinks, feels, reasons, and is conscious.
心灵 – 一个人用来思考、感受、推理并具有意识的部分。
Consciousness – Awareness of oneself and the world.
意识 – 对自身与世界的觉知。
Self – The sense of being a continuous person with thoughts and experiences.
自我 – 作为具有思想与经验的连续个人的感觉。
Soul – A non-physical part of a person, often thought to survive death.
灵魂 – 人的非物理部分，常被认为在死后继续存在。
Dualism – The view that mind and body are two different kinds of thing.
二元论 – 认为心灵与身体是两种不同事物的观点。
Materialism – The view that only physical matter exists, so the mind is the brain.
唯物主义 – 认为只存在物理物质、因此心灵就是大脑的观点。
Personal identity – What makes you the same person across time, despite changes.
人格同一性 – 尽管发生变化，是什么使你跨越时间仍是同一个人。
8. Ethics and Values | 伦理与价值
Ethics is about how we should act. These terms help you compare theories such as utilitarianism and deontology, and discuss whether morality is relative.
伦理学关涉我们应当如何行动。以下术语帮助你比较功利主义与义务论等理论，并讨论道德是否相对。
Ethics – The study of moral values and how we should act.
伦理学 – 研究道德价值与我们应该如何行动的学科。
Morality – Beliefs and practices about right and wrong conduct.
道德 – 关于行为对错的信念与实践。
Good – What is desirable, valuable, or morally right.
善 – 值得欲求、有价值或在道德上正确的。
Virtue – A good character trait, such as honesty, courage, or kindness.
德性 – 良好的品格特质，如诚实、勇敢或善良。
Duty – An action that is required by morality or law.
义务 – 道德或法律所要求的行为。
Consequence – The result of an action, which may determine whether it is right.
后果 – 行为的结果，可能决定行为是否正确。
Utilitarianism – The view that the best action produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number.
功利主义 – 认为最佳行为能为最多人带来最大幸福的观点。
Deontology – The view that some actions are right or wrong regardless of their consequences.
义务论 – 认为某些行为无论后果如何都是对或错的观点。
Relativism – The view that morality depends on culture or individual perspective.
相对主义 – 认为道德取决于文化或个人视角的观点。
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