📚 KS3 WJEC Philosophy: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas and Principles | KS3 WJEC 哲学：公式定理速查手册
Welcome to your handy quick-reference guide for KS3 WJEC Philosophy. Although philosophy does not use mathematical formulas, it is packed with powerful ideas and principles that act like formulas for thinking. This handbook presents key concepts, ethical equations, and logical rules in a structured way to help you navigate big questions. Each 'formula' or principle is explained in simple English and Chinese, giving you a mental toolkit for class discussions, revision, and deeper understanding.
欢迎使用这本 KS3 WJEC 哲学速查手册。虽然哲学不使用数学公式，但它充满了强大的思想和原则，就像思维的公式。这本手册以结构化的方式呈现关键概念、伦理方程和逻辑规则，帮助你探索大问题。每个“公式”或原理都用简单的中英文解释，为你提供课堂讨论、复习和深入理解的心理工具箱。
1. The Socratic Equation: Question Everything | 苏格拉底方程：质疑一切
At the heart of philosophy is the Socratic method. The fundamental formula is: Knowledge = Questioning × Reflection. Instead of accepting answers at face value, you keep asking 'Why?' until you reach a deeper understanding. This approach helps uncover hidden assumptions.
哲学的核心是苏格拉底方法。基本公式是：知识 = 提问 × 反思。与其接受表面的答案，不如一直问“为什么”，直到你达到更深的理解。这种方法有助于揭示隐藏的假设。
- English: Ask open-ended questions such as 'What is justice?' or 'How do we know something is true?'
- 中文：提出开放式问题，例如“什么是正义？”或“我们如何知道某事是真的？”
- English: Use the follow-up prompt: 'What do you mean by that?' to clarify definitions.
- 中文：使用追问：“你这么说是什么意思？”来澄清定义。
2. Logic Basics: If P, then Q | 逻辑基础：如果 P，那么 Q
Logical reasoning often uses conditional statements. The classic structure is: If P → Q (If P is true, then Q is true). This is called modus ponens when we know P is true, so Q must be true. Watch out for the fallacy: affirming the consequent (Q is true, therefore P is true) is not valid.
逻辑推理常使用条件语句。经典结构是：如果 P → Q（如果 P 成立，那么 Q 成立）。这被称作肯定前件，当我们知道 P 成立时，Q 必然成立。注意谬误：肯定后件（Q 成立，因此 P 成立）是无效的。
- English: Valid form: Premise 1: If it rains (P), the ground is wet (Q). Premise 2: It rains (P). Conclusion: The ground is wet (Q).
- 中文：有效形式：前提1：如果下雨（P），地面湿（Q）。前提2：下雨（P）。结论：地面湿（Q）。
- English: Fallacious form: The ground is wet (Q), therefore it rained (P). (Maybe a sprinkler caused the wet ground.)
- 中文：谬误形式：地面湿了（Q），所以下过雨（P）。（可能洒水器弄湿了地面。）
3. The Ethical Calculator: Utilitarianism | 伦理计算器：功利主义
Utilitarianism proposes a happiness formula: Right action = Maximum happiness for the greatest number. Simplified as: Utility = ∑(Pleasure) – ∑(Pain). Here the sigma (∑) means 'sum of'. Actions are evaluated by their consequences.
功利主义提出了一个幸福公式：正确的行动 = 最大多数人的最大幸福。简化为：效用 = ∑(快乐) – ∑(痛苦)。这里 ∑ 表示“总和”。行动根据其后果来评估。
- English: Jeremy Bentham's hedonic calculus: consider intensity, duration, certainty, and extent of pleasure or pain.
- 中文：杰里米·边沁的快乐计算：考虑快乐或痛苦的强度、持续时间、确定性以及范围。
- English: Example: Choosing between giving one child a huge gift or five children a small treat. If the total happiness of five treats outweighs one big gift, choose the treats.
- 中文：例子：在给一个孩子一个大礼物还是给五个孩子小零食间选择。如果五个零食的总快乐超过一个大礼物，就选择零食。
4. The Categorical Imperative Test: Kant's Rule | 绝对命令测试：康德的法则
Immanuel Kant's moral principle is not about consequences but about duty. His formula: Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. This tests whether an action is logically consistent if everyone did it.
伊曼努尔·康德的道德原则关注责任，而非后果。他的公式：只按照你同时愿意它成为普遍法则的准则去行动。这测试如果每个人都这么做，该行为在逻辑上是否一致。
- English: 'Maxim' means the personal rule behind an action. Example: 'I will lie to get out of trouble.' Could everyone lie? If everyone lied, trust would collapse and lying wouldn't work. So it fails the test.
- 中文：“准则”指行动背后的个人原则。例子：“我将通过撒谎来摆脱麻烦。”每个人都能撒谎吗？如果每个人都撒谎，信任会崩溃，撒谎就不再奏效。因此它未能通过测试。
- English: Kant also says: Treat humanity, whether in yourself or another, always as an end and never merely as a means. This means don't use people.
- 中文：康德还说：始终将人性——无论是你自身还是他人——作为目的，而绝不仅仅作为手段。这意味着不要利用他人。
5. The Social Contract Formula | 社会契约公式
Political philosophers use a contract idea: Legitimate government = Consent of the governed. Thomas Hobbes argued people give up some freedom to a sovereign in exchange for security. John Locke added that if a government breaks the contract, people can rebel.
政治哲学家使用契约理念：合法政府 = 被统治者的同意。托马斯·霍布斯认为人们用部分自由换取君主的保护。约翰·洛克补充说如果政府违背契约，人民可以反抗。
- English: State of nature: a thought experiment imagining life without government. For Hobbes, it was 'nasty, brutish, and short'.
- 中文：自然状态：一个想象没有政府的生活的思想实验。对霍布斯来说，那是“肮脏、野蛮而短暂的”。
- English: e to form government → Government protects those rights → If not, social contract is void.
- 中文：公式：自然权利（生命、自由、财产）→ 人民同意组建政府 → 政府保护这些权利 → 如果不保护，社会契约无效。
6. The Tripartite Theory of Knowledge | 知识的三要素理论
Philosophy defines knowledge with a classic formula: Knowledge = Justified True Belief (JTB). To know something, you must believe it, it must be true, and you must have good reasons (justification) for believing it. This has been challenged by Gettier cases, but it's a starting point.
哲学用一个经典公式定义知识：知识 = 经证实的真信念（JTB）。要知道某事，你必须相信它，它必须是真实的，并且你必须有充分的理由（证实）来相信它。这已被盖蒂尔问题挑战，但这是一个起点。
- English: Example: You believe the time is 3:00 because your clock says so. The clock is working correctly (justified), and it really is 3:00 (true). This is knowledge.
- 中文：例子：你相信时间是3:00，因为你的钟显示如此。钟正常工作（证实），且确实是3:00（真实）。这就是知识。
- English: Gettier problem: If your clock stopped 24 hours ago but coincidentally shows the correct time now, your belief is true and you have justification (it usually works), but is it knowledge?
- 中文：盖蒂尔问题：如果你的钟在24小时前停了，但巧合地现在显示正确时间，你的信念为真且有证实（它通常工作），但这是知识吗？
7. The Mind-Body Equation: Dualism vs. Physicalism | 身心方程：二元论与物理主义
What is the relationship between mind and body? Dualism states: Mind ≠ Body (they are separate substances). René Descartes argued 'I think, therefore I am' proves mind exists independently. Physicalism states: Mind = Brain processes (mental states are physical states).
心灵与身体是什么关系？二元论说：心灵 ≠ 身体（它们是不同的实体）。勒内·笛卡尔论证“我思故我在”证明心灵独立存在。物理主义说：心灵 = 大脑过程（心理状态就是物理状态）。
- English: Dualism challenge: How can a non-physical mind move a physical body? (The interaction problem).
- 中文：二元论的挑战：非物理的心灵如何移动物理的身体？（交互问题）。
- English: Physicalism view: Thoughts, emotions, and consciousness are all the result of neurons firing – no separate soul needed.
- 中文：物理主义观点：思想、情感和意识都是神经元放电的结果——不需要独立的灵魂。
8. The Paradox of the Ship of Theseus: Identity Formula | 忒修斯之船悖论：同一性公式
This ancient puzzle asks: If every part of a ship is replaced over time, is it still the same ship? The identity principle raises the question: Object A at time 1 = Object B at time 2 if...? There is no single answer; philosophers debate whether identity depends on material continuity, structure, or narrative.
这个古老的谜题问：如果一艘船的所有部件随时间被替换，它还是同一艘船吗？同一性原则提出问题：时间1的物体A = 时间2的物体B，如果……？没有唯一答案；哲学家争论同一性是否取决于材料的连续性、结构或叙事。
- English: Version 1: If each old plank is stored and later reassembled into a ship, which one is the original?
- 中文：版本1：如果每块旧木板被储存并后来重新组装成一艘船，哪一艘是原来的？
- English: Application: Are you the same person you were as a baby? Your cells have all been replaced, yet you likely feel the same identity.
- 中文：应用：你还是你婴儿时期的同一个人吗？你的细胞已经全部更换，但你很可能感觉同样的身份。
9. Plato's Theory of Forms: Reality Equation | 柏拉图的理型论：现实方程
Plato distinguished between the visible world and the intelligible world. His formula: True Reality = Forms (Ideas). The physical world is a shadow or imitation of perfect, unchanging Forms. For example, a drawn circle is an imperfect copy of the Form 'circle'.
柏拉图区分可见世界和可知世界。他的公式：真正的现实 = 理型（理念）。物质世界是完美、不变的理型的影子或模仿。例如，画出的圆是“圆”理型的不完美副本。
- English: The Allegory of the Cave: Prisoners see shadows on a wall and mistake them for reality. A philosopher escapes and sees the true objects (Forms) outside.
- 中文：洞穴寓言：囚犯看到墙上的影子，误以为它们是现实。一位哲学家逃出去，看到了外面真正的物体（理型）。
- English: Form of the Good: The highest Form, like the sun, illuminating all other Forms and enabling knowledge.
- 中文：善的理型：最高的理型，如同太阳，照亮所有其他理型，使知识成为可能。
10. The Free Will vs. Determinism Formula | 自由意志与决定论公式
A central debate: Free will + Moral responsibility vs. Determinism (every event is caused by prior events). If determinism is true, can we be held accountable? Compatibilists say: Free will = Acting according to one's own desires without external coercion, even if those desires are determined.
一个核心争论：自由意志 + 道德责任 对比 决定论（每个事件都由先前事件引起）。如果决定论为真，我们能承担责任吗？相容论者说：自由意志 = 按照自己的欲望行动而不受外在强迫，即使那些欲望是被决定的。
- English: Hard determinism: We are like dominoes falling; our choices are illusions.
- 中文：硬决定论：我们就像倒下的多米诺骨牌；我们的选择是幻觉。
- English: Libertarianism (not political): We have genuine alternative possibilities; our will is uncaused by prior events.
- 中文：自由意志主义（非政治）：我们有真正的替代可能性；我们的意志不受先前事件决定。
11. The Meaning of Life: Existentialist Formula | 生命的意义：存在主义公式
Existentialists invert the traditional formula: Existence precedes essence. There is no pre-designed purpose (essence) for a human being; you exist first and then create your own meaning through choices. Jean-Paul Sartre's version: Meaning = Actions × Commitment.
存在主义者颠倒了传统公式：存在先于本质。人类没有预先设计的目的（本质）；你先存在，然后通过选择创造自己的意义。让-保罗·萨特的版本：意义 = 行动 × 承诺。
- English: 'Man is condemned to be free.' Because there is no fixed human nature, we are radically responsible for what we become.
- 中文：“人是被判定为自由的。”因为没有固定的人性，我们对自己成为什么样的人负有彻底的责任。
- English: Bad faith: pretending you have no choice, like claiming 'I'm just following orders' when you could choose otherwise.
- 中文：自欺：假装没有选择，比如声称“我只是服从命令”，其实本可以选择不作。
12. The Trolley Problem: Ethical Decision Framework | 电车难题：伦理决策框架
The trolley problem is a modern thought experiment that tests moral reasoning. A runaway trolley is heading toward five people; you can pull a lever to divert it to a track with one person. The utilitarian formula: Sacrifice 1 to save 5 → Net +4 lives. The deontological formula: Do not use a person as a means → Do not pull the lever.
电车难题是一个测试道德推理的现代思想实验。一辆失控的电车正冲向五个人；你可以拉动拉杆将车转到只有一个人的轨道上。功利主义公式：牺牲1人救5人 → 净增4条生命。义务论公式：不要把人当作手段 → 不拉动拉杆。
- English: Variant: The fat man variant – pushing a large man off a bridge to stop the trolley. Many who would pull the lever would not push the man, showing a difference between intended harm and collateral damage.
- 中文：变体：胖子变体——把一个大块头从桥上推下去以阻止电车。很多会拉动拉杆的人不会推人，显示出有意伤害和附带伤害的区别。
- English: This problem highlights the clash between consequentialist and principle-based ethics.
- 中文：这个问题凸显了后果论和基于原则的伦理之间的冲突。
Published by TutorHao | Philosophy Revision Series | aleveler.com
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