📚 KS3 WJEC Business: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | KS3 WJEC 商务：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering business vocabulary is the first step to success in WJEC KS3 Business. This guide provides clear definitions and memory hooks for key terms to help you revise efficiently. Each term is broken down into simple English explanations followed by their Chinese equivalents, so you can build your understanding from the very basics.
掌握商务词汇是在 WJEC KS3 商务中取得成功的第一步。本指南提供清晰的释义和记忆钩子，帮助你高效复习关键术语。每个术语都先给出简单的英文解释，然后紧跟中文对应，让你从最基础开始构建理解。
1. Enterprise and Entrepreneurs | 企业与企业家
Enterprise is the ability to take risks and combine resources to produce goods or services that fulfil people's needs and wants. It is the act of starting something new, often involving innovation and seeing opportunities where others see challenges.
企业 是承担风险并整合资源以生产满足人们需求与欲望的商品或服务的能力。它是一种开创性的行为，通常涉及创新，以及从别人看到的挑战中发现机会。
Entrepreneur refers to a person who sets up a business venture, takes on the associated financial risks, and hopes to earn a profit. An entrepreneur is driven by a vision and often displays determination, creativity and leadership.
企业家 指创办企业、承担相关财务风险并希望赚取利润的人。企业家由愿景驱动，通常表现出决心、创造力和领导力。
💡 Memory tip: Think of 'enter' as entering a new market and 'prise' as undertaking a task. An entrepreneur is literally someone who 'enters and undertakes' a business project.
💡 记忆小贴士：把 "enter" 想象成进入新市场，"prise" 想象成承担任务。企业家就是字面意义上 "进入并承担" 商业项目的人。
2. Needs, Wants, Goods and Services | 需求、欲望、商品与服务
Needs are the essentials people must have to survive, such as water, food, warmth and shelter. Without these, a person's well-being is directly at risk.
需求 是人们生存所必须拥有的基本要素，如水、食物、温暖和住所。没有这些，人的健康将直接受到威胁。
Wants are items or experiences people desire but are not essential for survival. They include luxury goods, entertainment and the latest smartphones. Wants are unlimited and shaped by culture, marketing and personal taste.
欲望 是人们渴望但并非生存必需的东西或体验。它们包括奢侈品、娱乐产品和最新款智能手机。欲望是无限的，并受文化、营销和个人品味的影响。
Goods are tangible products that can be seen, touched and stored, such as trainers, canned drinks and furniture. They can be consumer goods (used by individuals) or capital goods (used by businesses to make other products).
商品 是有形产品，可以看到、触摸和储存，例如运动鞋、罐装饮料和家具。它们可以是消费品（个人使用）或资本品（企业用来制造其他产品的物品）。
Services are intangible activities that are performed for others, like haircuts, public transport and online tutoring. You cannot touch a service, but you benefit from the experience or outcome.
服务 是为他人执行的无形活动，如理发、公共交通和在线辅导。你无法触摸一项服务，但你从这种体验或结果中受益。
Customer is the person who buys the product or service, while a consumer is the person who actually uses it. Parents may buy a video game (customer) for their child (consumer).
顾客 是购买产品或服务的人，而 消费者 是实际使用该产品的人。父母可能为孩子（消费者）购买电子游戏（顾客）。
3. Business Aims and Objectives | 商业目标与目的
A business aim is the long-term general goal of the organisation, such as survival, maximising profit, growing the business or being environmentally responsible. It states what the business ultimately wants to achieve.
商业目标 是组织的长期总体方向，比如生存、利润最大化、发展业务或对环境负责。它表明企业最终想达成什么。
Business objectives are specific, measurable steps that help a business achieve its aims. They are often set using the SMART criteria: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-bound. For example, increasing sales by 10% within six months is a SMART objective that supports the aim of growth.
商业目的 是帮助企业实现目标的具体、可衡量的步骤。它们通常依据 SMART 标准制定：具体、可衡量、可实现、相关且有时限。例如，在六个月内将销售额增加 10% 是一个支持增长目标的 SMART 目的。
💡 Remember: Aim is the 'destination' on a map and objectives are the 'turn-by-turn directions' that get you there.
💡 记住：目标是地图上的 "目的地"，目的是引导你到达那里的 "逐步导航"。
4. Revenue, Costs and Profit | 收入、成本与利润
Revenue is the income a business receives from selling its goods or services over a period. It is calculated by multiplying the quantity sold by the selling price.
收入 是企业在一个时期内通过销售商品或服务所获得的进账。它由销售数量乘以售价计算得出。
Fixed costs are expenses that do not change with the level of production, like rent, insurance and salaries. Even if the business sells nothing, these costs still have to be paid.
固定成本 是不随产量水平变化的支出，如租金、保险和工资。即使企业没有销售，这些成本也必须支付。
Variable costs change directly with the output of the business, such as raw materials, packaging and piece-rate wages. The more you produce, the higher the variable costs.
可变成本 直接随企业产出变化，如原材料、包装和计件工资。生产得越多，可变成本越高。
Total costs are the sum of fixed and variable costs combined.
总成本 是固定成本与可变成本之和。
Profit = Total Revenue − Total Costs
利润 = 总收入 − 总成本
Profit is the reward for taking risks. If total costs exceed total revenue, the business makes a loss.
利润是对承担风险的回报。如果总成本超过总收入，企业就会亏损。
5. Market and Competition | 市场与竞争
A market is any arrangement where buyers and sellers exchange goods or services. This can be a physical place like a high street or a virtual platform like an e-commerce website.
市场 是买卖双方交换商品或服务的任何安排。它可以是一个实体场所，如商业街，也可以是一个虚拟平台，如电子商务网站。
Demand is the quantity of a product that consumers are willing and able to buy at various prices. Generally, as price falls, demand rises. This is known as the law of demand.
需求 是消费者在不同价格水平下愿意且能够购买的产品数量。通常，价格下降，需求上升，这被称为需求定律。
Supply is the quantity of a product that producers are willing to offer for sale at various prices. As price rises, supply usually increases because higher prices motivate firms to produce more.
供给 是生产者在不同价格水平下愿意提供销售的产品数量。随着价格上升，供给通常增加，因为更高的价格激励企业生产更多。
The equilibrium price is where demand equals supply and the market clears, with no leftover stock or unsatisfied customers at that price.
均衡价格 是需求等于供给、市场出清的价格，在此价格下既无剩余库存也无未满足的顾客。
Competition exists when several businesses try to attract the same customers. Direct competition offers very similar products (e.g. two burger chains), while indirect competition satisfies the same need in a different way (e.g. burgers vs. pizza).
竞争 存在于多家企业试图吸引相同顾客的情况下。直接竞争提供非常相似的产品（如两家汉堡连锁店），间接竞争则是以不同方式满足同一需求（如汉堡 vs. 比萨）。
6. The Marketing Mix (4Ps) | 营销组合（4P）
The marketing mix refers to the four key elements a business controls to meet customer needs: Product, Price, Place and Promotion. By balancing these, a firm can position itself effectively in the market.
营销组合 是指企业为满足顾客需求而控制的四个关键要素：产品、价格、地点和促销。通过平衡这四者，企业可以在市场中有效地定位自己。
Product is the good or service being offered, including its design, features, quality, packaging, branding and the benefits it provides. A business must ensure its product satisfies customer wants.
产品 是所提供的商品或服务，包括其设计、功能、质量、包装、品牌以及它带来的好处。企业必须确保其产品满足消费者的欲望。
Price is the amount customers pay. Pricing strategies include cost-plus pricing, competitive pricing and penetration pricing. The price must reflect value but also cover costs and generate profit.
价格 是顾客支付的金额。定价策略包括成本加成定价、竞争性定价和渗透定价。价格必须体现价值，同时覆盖成本并产生利润。
Place refers to where and how the product is available to the customer. This includes distribution channels, retail locations, online stores and logistics. The right place ensures convenience for the target market.
地点 是指产品在何处以及如何提供给顾客。这包括分销渠道、零售地点、在线商店和物流。合适的地点可以确保为目标市场提供便利。
Promotion covers all the ways a business communicates with potential customers to raise awareness and persuade them to buy. This includes advertising, sales promotions, public relations and social media campaigns.
促销 涵盖企业与潜在顾客沟通以提升知名度并说服他们购买的所有方式。这包括广告、销售促进、公关以及社交媒体活动。
7. Business Ownership Types | 企业所有权类型
A sole trader is the simplest and most common form of business owned and run by one person. The owner has unlimited liability, meaning their personal belongings could be used to pay business debts if the firm fails.
个体经营者 是最简单、最常见的企业形式，由一个人拥有并经营。所有者承担无限责任，意味着如果企业倒闭，其个人财产可能被用来偿还企业债务。
A partnership involves two or more people sharing the ownership, responsibilities and profits. A deed of partnership often outlines the agreement. Partners usually have unlimited liability, though some can be sleeping partners.
合伙企业 涉及两个或更多人共同承担所有权、责任和利润。合伙契约通常概述协议内容。合伙人通常承担无限责任，尽管有些可以是隐名合伙人。
A private limited company (Ltd) is a separate legal entity from its owners (shareholders). It has limited liability, so shareholders only risk their investment. Shares cannot be sold to the general public.
私人有限公司 (Ltd) 是与其所有者（股东）分离的独立法人实体。它具有有限责任，因此股东仅承担其投资的风险。股份不能向公众出售。
A public limited company (Plc) can sell shares to the public on the stock exchange. It also offers limited liability but must publish full accounts and face stricter regulations.
公众有限公司 (Plc) 可以在证券交易所向公众出售股份。它同样提供有限责任，但必须公开完整账目并接受更严格的监管。
A franchise allows a person (franchisee) to trade under the brand name of an established business (franchisor) by paying a fee and agreeing to follow set standards. The franchisee benefits from brand recognition and support.
特许经营 允许个人（被特许人）通过支付费用并同意遵循既定标准，在已有企业（特许人）的品牌下进行经营。被特许人受益于品牌知名度和支持。
8. Sources of Finance | 融资来源
Internal sources of finance come from within the business. Retained profit is the profit kept after payments to owners; it does not need to be repaid and incurs no interest. Personal savings are an owner’s own money invested in the startup.
内部融资来源 来自企业内部。留存利润 是向所有者支付后留存的利润；它无需偿还且不产生利息。个人储蓄 是所有者投入创业的自有资金。
External sources of finance come from outside the business. A bank loan is a sum borrowed from a bank, repaid with interest over a fixed period. An overdraft allows a business to spend more than its bank balance up to a limit, with interest charged on the overdrawn amount.
外部融资来源 来自企业外部。银行贷款 是从银行借入的一笔资金，需在固定期限内带利息偿还。透支 允许企业支出超过其银行余额，最高可达一个限额，对透支金额收取利息。
Trade credit is an arrangement where suppliers allow a business to buy now and pay later, usually within 30 to 90 days. It helps with short-term cash flow.
商业信用 是一种供应商允许企业先买后付的安排，通常在 30 到 90 天内付款。它有助于改善短期现金流。
💡 Think of internal finance as 'your own savings jar' and external finance as 'money borrowed from a friend or bank'.
💡 把内部融资想象成 "你自己的储蓄罐"，外部融资是 "向朋友或银行借的钱"。
9. Cash Flow and Budgeting | 现金流与预算
Cash flow refers to the movement of money into and out of a business. Cash inflows include sales revenue, loans received and asset sales. Cash outflows include paying for raw materials, rent and wages.
现金流 指资金进出企业的流动。现金流入 包括销售收入、收到的贷款和资产出售。现金流出 包括支付原材料、租金和工资。
Net Cash Flow = Total Inflows − Total Outflows
净现金流 = 总流入 − 总流出
A cash flow forecast is a plan that predicts future inflows and outflows over months. It helps a business anticipate shortages and arrange finance before a crisis occurs.
现金流预测 是一种预测未来数月流入和流出的计划。它帮助企业预测资金短缺并在危机发生前安排融资。
Profit and cash are not the same. A business can be profitable on paper but lack cash if customers haven't paid yet; this can lead to insolvency.
利润和现金不是一回事。如果顾客尚未付款，企业可能在账面上盈利却缺乏现金；这可能导致资不抵债。
A budget is a financial plan setting expected income and spending limits for a specific period. It acts as a control tool to keep expenditure within bounds.
预算 是设定特定期限内预期收入和支出限额的财务计划。它作为一种控制工具，使支出保持在限度内。
10. Business Plans and Stakeholders | 商业计划与利益相关者
A business plan is a written document that outlines a firm's goals, strategy, target market, financial forecasts and operational details. It is essential for securing finance and guiding management decisions.
商业计划 是一份书面文件，概述企业的目标、战略、目标市场、财务预测和运营细节。它对于获得融资和指导管理决策至关重要。
Key sections of a business plan include: executive summary, business description, market analysis, marketing strategy, operational plans and financial projections.
商业计划的关键部分包括：执行摘要、企业描述、市场分析、营销策略、运营计划和财务预测。
Stakeholders are individuals or groups with an interest in the business's performance and decisions. Internal stakeholders include owners, employees and managers; external stakeholders include customers, suppliers, banks, the local community and the government.
利益相关者 是对企业绩效和决策有利益关系的个人或群体。内部利益相关者 包括所有者、员工和管理人员；外部利益相关者 包括顾客、供应商、银行、当地社区和政府。
Each stakeholder group has different objectives: shareholders want high dividends, employees want secure jobs and fair pay, customers want quality products at low prices, and the community wants environmental responsibility.
每个利益相关者群体都有不同的目标：股东想要高额股息，员工想要稳定的工作和公平的薪酬，顾客想要质优价廉的产品，社区想要环境责任。
Published by TutorHao | Business Revision Series | aleveler.com
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