📚 KS3 WJEC Science: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | KS3 WJEC 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering scientific vocabulary is not just about passing exams — it is about learning the language that scientists use to describe the natural world. When you understand key terms, you can follow lessons more easily, write better answers, and think like a scientist. This guide breaks down essential KS3 WJEC Science terminology into manageable sections, using prefixes, suffixes, real-life examples, and memory tricks to help you learn faster and remember longer.
掌握科学词汇不仅仅是为了通过考试，更是学习科学家用来描述自然世界的语言。当你理解了关键术语，就能更轻松地跟上课堂节奏、写出更出色的答案，并像科学家一样思考。本指南将 KS3 WJEC 科学的关键术语拆解成易于掌握的部分，利用前缀、后缀、实例和记忆技巧帮助你学得更快、记得更牢。
1. Why Master Scientific Vocabulary? | 为什么要掌握科学词汇？
Scientific language is precise. Each term has a specific meaning that often differs from everyday usage. For example, in science, a 'theory' is a well-tested explanation supported by evidence, not a guess. Mastering vocabulary allows you to communicate ideas clearly and avoid misunderstandings.
科学语言十分精确。每个术语都有特定含义，通常与日常用法不同。例如，在科学中，“理论”是指经过充分验证、有证据支持的解释，而不是猜测。掌握词汇能让你清晰地交流想法，避免误解。
Many exam questions directly test your knowledge of definitions. If you know exactly what 'respiration', 'neutralisation', or 'resultant force' mean, you can pick up easy marks. More importantly, using the right words shows you truly understand the concept, helping you reach higher levels.
许多考题直接考察你对定义的掌握。如果你确切知道“呼吸作用”、“中和反应”或“合力”的含义，就能轻松拿分。更重要的是，使用正确的词语能展示你对概念的真正理解，帮助你达到更高等级。
2. Common Prefixes and Their Meanings | 常见前缀及其含义
Many scientific words share Greek or Latin prefixes. Recognising these helps you decode unfamiliar terms. For instance, 'bio-' means life, so biology is the study of life. Learning a handful of prefixes can unlock hundreds of words.
许多科学词汇共享希腊或拉丁语前缀。识别这些前缀有助于你解读陌生术语。例如，“bio-”表示生命，因此生物学就是研究生命的学科。掌握几个前缀就能解锁数百个单词。
'Photo-' means light. Photosynthesis uses light to make food; phototropism is a plant's growth response to light.
“Photo-”表示光。光合作用利用光制造养分；向光性是植物对光的生长反应。
'Therm-' relates to heat. A thermometer measures temperature; an endothermic reaction takes in heat from the surroundings.
“Therm-”与热有关。温度计测量温度；吸热反应从周围环境吸收热量。
'Hydro-' means water. Hydroelectric power comes from moving water; dehydration means the body loses too much water.
“Hydro-”表示水。水力发电来自流水的能量；脱水指身体流失过多水分。
The table below summarises some of the most useful prefixes for KS3 science:
下表总结了 KS3 科学中一些最有用的前缀：
| Prefix | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| mono- | one | monoxide |
| poly- | many | polymer |
| exo- | out, outside | exoskeleton |
| endo- | inside | endothermic |
| micro- | very small | microorganism |
When you see a word like 'microorganism' cro- (small) + organism (living thing) = a tiny living thing, often a bacterium or fungus.
当你看到像“微生物”这样的词，可以将其拆解：micro-（微小）+ organism（生物体）= 微小的生物，通常是细菌或真菌。
3. Common Suffixes and Their Meanings | 常见后缀及其含义
Suffixes come at the end of words and often tell you what the term is studying, measuring, or doing. Recognising them speeds up your reading and helps you spell tricky words correctly.
后缀出现在单词末尾，通常告诉你这个术语研究、测量或做什么。识别后缀能加快阅读速度，并帮你正确拼写复杂单词。
'-ology' means the study of something. Biology is the study of life; geology is the study of the Earth. '-meter' means a measuring instrument. A thermometer measures temperature; a voltmeter measures voltage.
“-ology”表示对某事物的研究。生物学研究生命；地质学研究地球。“-meter”表示测量仪器。温度计测量温度；电压表测量电压。
'-scope' means an instrument for viewing. A microscope lets you view tiny objects; a telescope lets you view distant objects. '-itis' (often in medical words) means inflammation, such as tonsillitis.
“-scope”表示观察仪器。显微镜让你观察微小物体；望远镜让你观察远处物体。“-itis”（常见于医学词汇）表示炎症，如扁桃体炎。
Here is a quick-reference table of useful suffixes:
以下是一个实用的后缀速查表：
| Suffix | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| -lysis | breakdown | electrolysis |
| -phobia | fear of | hydrophobia |
| -vore | eating | herbivore |
| -gen | producing | carcinogen |
Knowing that 'herbivore' is made of herb- (plant) and -vore (eating) tells you it is a plant-eating animal. This type of word analysis makes vocabulary much less intimidating.
知道“herbivore”由 herb-（植物）和 -vore（吃）组成，你就知道它是食草动物。这种构词分析让词汇远没有那么可怕。
4. Key Biology Terms: From Cells to Systems | 生物学关键术语：从细胞到系统
A cell is the basic unit of life. All living organisms are made of cells. Some organisms, like bacteria, are unicellular; most plants and animals are multicellular.
细胞是生命的基本单位。所有生物都由细胞组成。有些生物，如细菌，是单细胞的；大多数植物和动物是多细胞的。
In animal and plant cells, the nucleus controls the cell's activities and contains genetic material. Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance where chemical reactions occur. Plant cells have a cell wall for support, a large vacuole filled with cell sap, and chloroplasts that absorb light for photosynthesis.
在动物和植物细胞中，细胞核控制细胞活动并含有遗传物质。细胞质是发生化学反应的胶状物质。植物细胞有起支撑作用的细胞壁、充满细胞液的大液泡，以及吸收光能进行光合作用的叶绿体。
A group of similar cells working together forms a tissue. Different tissues combine to make an organ, like the heart. Organs working together form an organ system, such as the digestive system. A complete living individual is an organism.
一组相似的细胞共同工作形成组织。不同组织组合成一个器官，如心脏。器官协同工作构成器官系统，如消化系统。一个完整的生命个体就是一个生物体。
Two vital life processes are photosynthesis and respiration eases energy from glucose: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy). Remember, respiration is not the same as breathing!
两个重要的生命过程是光合作用和呼吸作用。光合作用是植物利用光能制造葡萄糖的过程：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气。有氧呼吸从葡萄糖中释放能量：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水（+ 能量）。记住，呼吸作用不等于呼吸！
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration, while osmosis is specifically the diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane.
扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，而渗透特指水通过半透膜的扩散。
5. Key Chemistry Terms: Atoms, Elements, and Compounds | 化学关键术语：原子、元素与化合物
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can exist. An element is a substance made of only one type of atom, like oxygen (O) or iron (Fe). The periodic table lists all known elements in order of atomic number.
原子是元素能独立存在的最小粒子。元素是仅由一种原子组成的物质，如氧（O）或铁（Fe）。周期表按原子序数排列所有已知元素。
A compound is a substance formed when two or more different elements are chemically bonded. For example, water (H₂O) is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen. A molecule is a group of atoms bonded together; it can be an element (like O₂) or a compound. A mixture contains different substances not chemically joined, such as air.
化合物是两种或多种不同元素通过化学键结合形成的物质。例如，水（H₂O）是氢和氧的化合物。分子是一组键合在一起的原子；它可以是单质（如 O₂）也可以是化合物。混合物含有未化学结合的不同物质，如空气。
In a chemical reaction, reactants change into products. The reaction can be exothermic (gives out heat) or endothermic (takes in heat). An acid is a substance with a pH less than 7; an alkali is a soluble base with a pH greater than 7. Neutralisation is the reaction between an acid and a base to form a salt and water:
在化学反应中，反应物转变为生成物。反应可以是放热的（放出热量）或吸热的（吸收热量）。酸是 pH 值小于 7 的物质；碱是可溶的、pH 值大于 7 的物质。中和反应是酸和碱反应生成盐和水的过程：
acid + alkali → salt + water
For example, hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium chloride + water. The pH scale measures how acidic or alkaline a solution is, ranging from 0 (strong acid) to 14 (strong alkali), with 7 being neutral.
例如，盐酸 + 氢氧化钠 → 氯化钠 + 水。pH 值范围衡量溶液的酸碱度，从 0（强酸）到 14（强碱），7 为中性。
6. Key Physics Terms: Forces, Energy, and Motion | 物理关键术语：力、能量与运动
A force is a push or a pull that can change an object's speed, direction, or shape. Mass is the amount of matter in an object (measured in kilograms), while weight is the force of gravity on that mass (measured in newtons). The equation linking them is:
力是能改变物体速度、方向或形状的推或拉。质量是物体所含物质的量（以千克为单位），而重量是作用在该质量上的重力（以牛顿为单位）。两者之间的关系是：
weight = mass × gravitational field strength (W = m × g)
Friction opposes motion between two surfaces; air resistance is a type of friction experienced by objects moving through air. When forces on an object are balanced, its motion is constant; unbalanced forces cause acceleration or deceleration.
摩擦力阻碍两个表面之间的运动；空气阻力是物体在空气中运动时所受的一种摩擦力。当物体上的力平衡时，运动状态保持不变；不平衡力则导致加速或减速。
Speed is how fast something moves; velocity includes both speed and direction. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. Energy can exist in many forms: kinetic energy (motion), gravitational potential energy (height), elastic potential energy (stretched or squashed objects), and thermal energy (heat). The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred.
速率是物体运动的快慢；速度同时包含速率和方向。加速度是速度变化的快慢。能量以多种形式存在：动能（运动）、重力势能（高度）、弹性势能（拉伸或压缩的物体）和热能（热量）。能量守恒定律指出能量不能被创造或毁灭，只能转移。
Work is done when a force moves an object, calculated as work = force × distance. Power is the rate of doing work (power = work ÷ time). These terms often appear in energy and forces questions.
当力使物体移动时就做了功，计算公式为 功 = 力 × 距离。功率是做功的快慢（功率 = 功 ÷ 时间）。这些术语经常出现在能量和力的考题中。
7. Scientific Enquiry Terms: Variables, Hypotheses, and More | 科学探究术语：变量、假设等
To plan a fair experiment, you must understand the three types of variables. The independent variable is the one you change deliberately. The dependent variable is the one you measure or observe. Control variables are all the factors you keep the same to make the test fair.
要设计一个公平的实验，你必须理解三类变量。自变量是你有意改变的变量。因变量是你测量或观察的变量。控制变量是你保持不变的、使测试公平的所有因素。
A hypothesis is a testable prediction, often written as 'If ... then ... because ...' A fair test ensures that only the independent variable affects the dependent variable. Your conclusion sums up what you found out, and an evaluation reflects on how reliable and accurate your results were.
假设是一个可检验的预测，通常写成“如果……那么……因为……”。<
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