📚 KS3 WJEC Biology: Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | KS3 WJEC 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to the ultimate vocabulary guide for KS3 WJEC Biology! Mastering key terminology is the first step to understanding how living organisms function, interact and survive. Each term in this guide is paired with a short definition and a clever memory trick to help you recall it quickly in lessons, homework and exams. Read, repeat and test yourself regularly to build a strong scientific vocabulary.
欢迎来到 KS3 WJEC 生物的终极词汇指南！掌握关键术语是理解生物体如何运作、相互作用和生存的第一步。本指南中的每个术语都配有简短的定义和巧妙的记忆技巧，帮助你在课堂、作业和考试中快速回想。请反复阅读、重复并自我测试，以建立扎实的科学词汇基础。
1. Cell Structure and Function | 细胞结构与功能
Cell: The smallest unit of life that can carry out all life processes. All organisms are made of cells. Use the idea 'Cells are the building blocks of life' to picture tiny bricks assembling a body.
细胞：能进行所有生命活动的最小单位。所有生物体都由细胞构成。用“细胞是生命的积木”这个比喻来想象微小砖块组装成身体。
Nucleus: The control centre of the cell, containing genetic material (DNA). Think of it as the cell's brain – it tells the cell what to do and when to divide.
细胞核：细胞的控制中心，含有遗传物质 DNA。可以把它想象成细胞的大脑——它指挥细胞该做什么以及何时分裂。
Cytoplasm: The jelly-like substance filling the cell, where chemical reactions occur. Remember 'cyto' means cell and 'plasm' means fluid – it is the 'cell soup' where all the work happens.
细胞质：充满细胞的果冻状物质，是化学反应发生的场所。记住“细胞质”就是“细胞液汤”，所有工作都在这里进行。
Cell membrane: The thin outer layer that controls what enters and leaves the cell. Picture a bouncer at a club – it selectively allows substances in and out.
细胞膜：控制物质进出细胞的薄外层。想象一位夜店保安——它有选择地允许物质进出。
Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion): Tiny structures where aerobic respiration releases energy. Label them 'mighty mitochondria' – the powerhouses that convert food into usable energy.
线粒体：进行有氧呼吸并释放能量的微小结构。给它们贴上“强大的线粒体”标签——将食物转化为可用能量的动力工厂。
Chloroplast chlorophyll, found only in plant cells. It captures light energy for photosynthesis. Think 'chloro' = green, like chlorophyll; only plant cells have 'green solar panels'.
叶绿体：含有叶绿素的绿色圆盘状结构，仅存在于植物细胞中。它捕获光能进行光合作用。联想“叶绿”就是绿色——只有植物细胞拥有“绿色太阳能板”。
Cell wall: A rigid outer layer made of cellulose that supports plant and fungal cells. Remember: the cell wall is like a sturdy cardboard box that keeps the plant upright.
细胞壁：由纤维素组成的坚硬外层，支撑植物和真菌细胞。记住：细胞壁就像一个结实的纸板箱，让植物保持直立。
2. Classification and Biodiversity | 分类与生物多样性
Species: A group of similar organisms that can breed together to produce fertile offspring. Think 'special kind that can have babies that also have babies'.
物种：一群相似的生物，它们之间可以交配并产生可育后代。想想“能生孩子而且孩子也能生孩子的特殊类型”。
Vertebrate: An animal with a backbone. The five vertebrate groups are mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish. Remember 'My Big Red Angry Fish' to memorise them in order.
脊椎动物：有脊椎骨的动物。五大类群为哺乳类、鸟类、爬行类、两栖类和鱼类。用“My Big Red Angry Fish”记顺序。
Invertebrate: An animal without a backbone, such as insects, spiders and snails. Over 95% of all animal species are invertebrates – think 'in-' meaning 'without'.
无脊椎动物：没有脊椎骨的动物，例如昆虫、蜘蛛和蜗牛。超过95%的动物物种是无脊椎动物——“无”即“没有”。
Mammal: A warm-blooded vertebrate that has hair or fur, gives birth to live young and feeds milk. Examples are humans, whales and bats.
哺乳动物：有毛发或毛皮、胎生并哺乳的温血脊椎动物。例如人类、鲸和蝙蝠。
Amphibian ld-blooded vertebrate that begins life in water with gills and later develops lungs. Think 'amphi' = double life – frogs live both in water and on land.
两栖动物：冷血脊椎动物，幼体在水中用鳃呼吸，成体发展出肺。联想“两栖”即双重生活——青蛙既生活在水里也生活在陆地。
Arthropod dy and jointed legs. The group includes insects, arachnids, crustaceans and myriapods. Say 'Arthropod = jointed leg'.
节肢动物：具有坚硬外骨骼、分节身体和分节附肢的无脊椎动物，包括昆虫、蛛形纲、甲壳纲和多足纲。“节肢”意为分节的腿。
3. Nutrition and the Digestive System | 营养与消化系统
Digestion: The breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into small, soluble molecules that can be absorbed. Visualise a giant piece of pizza being broken down into tiny sugar drops.
消化：将大而不可溶的食物分子分解成小而可溶分子以便吸收的过程。想象一大块披萨被分解成一滴滴微小的糖。
Enzyme: A biological catalyst that speeds up digestion without being used up. Enzymes have specific shapes – like a lock and key – to break down particular nutrients.
酶：加速消化而自身不被消耗的生物催化剂。酶具有特定形状——就像锁和钥匙——来分解特定的营养物质。
Amylase: An enzyme that breaks down starch into sugar. It is produced in the salivary glands and pancreas. 'Amy-' sounds like 'amylose' in starch, so amylase attacks starch.
淀粉酶：将淀粉分解为糖的酶，由唾液腺和胰腺分泌。“淀粉酶”直接指向淀粉。
Protease: An enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids. 'Protease' = protein + -ase (enzyme). Stomach protease works best in acidic conditions.
蛋白酶：将蛋白质分解为氨基酸的酶。“蛋白酶”即蛋白质+酶。胃里的蛋白酶在酸性条件下活性最佳。
Lipase: An enzyme that breaks down lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol. Think 'lip' for lipid. Lipase works in the small intestine after bile has emulsified fats.
脂肪酶：将脂肪分解为脂肪酸和甘油的酶。把“脂”与脂肪联系起来。脂肪酶在小肠中经胆汁乳化脂肪后起作用。
Villi (singular: villus): Tiny finger-like projections lining the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption. Remember 'villi look like velvet' – they absorb nutrients like tiny towels.
小肠绒毛：小肠内壁的微小指状突起，增大吸收表面积。记住“绒毛像天鹅绒一样”，像微型毛巾吸收营养。
4. Gas Exchange and Respiration | 气体交换与呼吸
Trachea (windpipe): The tube carrying air from the mouth and nose towards the lungs. It is supported by C-shaped rings of cartilage to keep it open.
气管：将空气从口鼻输送到肺部的管道，由C形软骨环支撑以保持通畅。
Bronchi (singular: bronchus): The two branches of the trachea that enter each lung. Think 'bronchi branch into each lung' like a tree dividing into two large limbs.
支气管：气管分叉进入左右两肺的两条管道。联想“支气管分叉进肺”，就像树干分为两个大枝。
Alveoli (singular: alveolus): Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. They have thin, moist walls and are surrounded by capillaries. 'Alveoli' sounds like 'alive air sacs' – oxygen passes through here.
肺泡：肺部进行气体交换的微小气囊，壁薄而湿润，被毛细血管包围。把“肺泡”听作“生命的空气囊”——氧气在此通过。
Diffusion: The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. It is a passive process – no energy needed. Think of perfume spreading through a room.
扩散：粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，是一种被动过程，不需要能量。想象香水在房间里扩散。
Aerobic respiration: The process that releases energy from glucose using oxygen. Word equation: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy). The 'aero' part means 'air', so it uses oxygen.
有氧呼吸：利用氧气从葡萄糖中释放能量的过程。文字方程式：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水（+ 能量）。“有氧”意为需要空气。
Anaerobic respiration: The release of energy from glucose without using oxygen, producing lactic acid in animals. The equation: glucose → lactic acid (+ energy). It causes muscle cramps and oxygen debt. Remember 'an-' means without air – your muscles 'complain' with lactic acid when oxygen runs short.
无氧呼吸：不用氧气从葡萄糖释放能量，在动物中产生乳酸。方程式：葡萄糖 → 乳酸（+ 能量）。它导致肌肉痉挛和氧债。记住“无”氧时，肌肉因乳酸而抗议。
5. Photosynthesis and Plant Transport | 光合作用与植物运输
Photosynthesis: The process by which plants make glucose using light energy, carbon dioxide and water. Chlorophyll traps the light. Word equation: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen. 'Photo' means light, 'synthesis' means putting together.
光合作用：植物利用光能、二氧化碳和水制造葡萄糖的过程。叶绿素捕获光能。文字方程式：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气。“光合”即用光合成。
Chlorophyll: The green pigment found in chloroplasts that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis. It makes leaves look green. Think 'chloro-fill' – it fills chloroplasts with green.
叶绿素：存在于叶绿体中的绿色色素，吸收阳光进行光合作用，使叶子呈现绿色。联想“绿”色填充叶绿体。
Stomata (singular: stoma) s that allow gases to enter and exit. Guard cells control their opening and closing. Think 'stoma = small mouth' of the leaf.
气孔：叶片下表面允许气体进出的小孔，由保卫细胞控制开闭。把“气孔”看作叶子的微型嘴巴。
Xylem: Transport tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals from the roots up to the leaves. It is made of dead hollow tubes. 'Xylem goes up' – think of the X as a ladder for water.
木质部：将水和溶解的矿物质从根部向上运输到叶片的输导组织，由死细胞形成的空心管构成。“木质部向上”——把X当作水的梯子。
Phloem: Transport tissue that carries dissolved sugars (glucose) from the leaves to the rest of the plant. 'Phloem flows down and around' – it delivers food to growing parts and storage organs.
韧皮部：将溶解的糖从叶片运输到植物其他部位的输导组织。“韧皮部向下及四周流动”——将食物输送到生长部位和储存器官。
Transpiration m : The loss of water vapour from plant leaves through the stomata. It creates a pull that draws water up the xylem. Think 'trans-' = across, 'spiration' = breathing – plants 'sweat' water.
蒸腾作用：水分以水蒸气形式从植物叶片的气孔散失，产生拉力将水向上拉进木质部。联想“蒸腾”就像植物在出汗。
6. Reproduction and Development | 生殖与发育
Gamete: A sex cell – sperm in males and egg (ovum) in females. Each gamete contains half the number of chromosomes. Remember 'ga-' sounds like 'half' – they give half the genetic material.
配子：性细胞——雄性为精子，雌性为卵子。每个配子含有正常染色体数的一半。“配”意为配备一半遗传物质。
Fertilisation: The fusion of a male gamete (sperm) with a female gamete (egg) to form a zygote. Think 'fertilisation = creating new life from two halves'.
受精：雄性配子与雌性配子融合形成受精卵的过程。联想“受精”即两个半份结合创造新生命。
Zygote: The single cell formed after fertilisation, with a full set of chromosomes. It divides repeatedly to form an embryo. 'Zygote' sounds like 'zy-go' – the start of a new individual.
受精卵：受精后形成的单细胞，具有全套染色体，反复分裂形成胚胎。“受精卵”是新个体开始发育的起点。
Embryo: The early developmental stage after the zygote has divided into a ball of cells. In humans, it implants in the uterus before developing a placenta.
胚胎：受精卵分裂成细胞球后的早期发育阶段。在人类中，它着床于子宫，随后形成胎盘。
Placenta: An organ that develops during pregnancy, allowing oxygen and nutrients to pass from mother to baby and waste products to be removed. It acts like a life-support machine.
胎盘：妊娠期间发育的
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