📚 KS3 CIE Sociology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Revision Guide | KS3 CIE 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key sociological terms is the first step to thinking like a sociologist. This quick revision guide presents essential KS3 CIE Sociology vocabulary in clear, paired English–Chinese definitions, with memory tips to help you recall concepts faster. Use it to build a strong foundation for class discussions, written answers and future exams.
掌握关键社会学术语是像社会学家一样思考的第一步。这份速记指南以清晰的中英双语定义呈现 KS3 CIE 社会学核心词汇，并附上记忆技巧，帮助你更快记住概念。用它为课堂讨论、书面作答和未来考试打下坚实基础。
1. Society and Social Groups | 社会与社会群体
Society – A group of people who share a common culture, territory and identity. Tip: Think 'the big group you belong to'.
社会——共享同一文化、领土和身份的人群。速记：想想'你所属的大群体'。
Social group – Two or more people who interact, share expectations and have a sense of belonging. Tip: Your friendship circle and your class are social groups.
社会群体——两个或更多相互交往、共享期待并有归属感的人。速记：你的朋友圈和班级都是社会群体。
Primary group – A small, close-knit group with strong emotional bonds, like a family. Tip: 'Primary' means first and most personal.
初级群体——感情深厚、关系密切的小群体，如家庭。速记：'初级'意味着最先接触、最个人化。
Secondary group – A larger, more impersonal group formed for a specific purpose, such as a school class or a workplace team. Tip: Think 'secondary school' – more people, less intimacy.
次级群体——为特定目的而形成的较大、较疏远的群体，如学校班级或工作团队。速记：想想'中学'——人更多，亲密感更低。
Community – A group of people living in the same area or having a shared interest. Tip: 'Common' + 'unity' = community.
社区——居住在同一地区或拥有共同兴趣的人群。速记：'共同' + '团结' = 社区。
2. Culture and Identity | 文化与身份
Culture – The shared way of life of a society, including language, customs, beliefs and art. Tip: Culture is the 'lens' through which we see the world.
文化——一个社会共享的生活方式，包括语言、习俗、信仰和艺术。速记：文化是我们观察世界的'透镜'。
Subculture – A smaller culture within a larger culture, with its own distinct norms and values. Tip: Think of a 'sub'-set of culture, like skater culture.
亚文化——大文化内部的一个小文化，有自己独特的规范与价值观。速记：想象'亚'文化就是一个小分支，比如滑板文化。
Cultural diversity – The variety of different cultures within a society. Tip: Diversity = differences that enrich society.
文化多样性——一个社会内部不同文化的多样性。速记：多样性 = 丰富社会的差异。
Identity – How we see ourselves and how others see us. Tip: Your identity is your personal 'label' made up of many parts.
身份——我们如何看待自己，以及他人如何看待我们。速记：你的身份是由许多部分构成的个人'标签'。
Social identity – The part of your identity that comes from belonging to social groups. Tip: 'I am a student' is a social identity.
社会身份——身份中源自归属社会群体的部分。速记：'我是一名学生'就是一种社会身份。
3. Socialisation and Norms | 社会化与规范
Socialisation – The lifelong process of learning the norms, values and behaviours of one's society. Tip: It's like learning the 'rulebook' of your culture.
社会化——终身学习所属社会的规范、价值观和行为的过程。速记：就像学习文化的'规则手册'。
Primary socialisation – Early socialisation that happens within the family, teaching basic norms and language. Tip: Primary = first, usually by parents.
初级社会化——在家庭中发生的早期社会化，教授基本规范和语言。速记：初级 = 最早，通常由父母完成。
Secondary socialisation – Socialisation later in life through schools, peer groups and media. Tip: Secondary school = secondary socialisation agents.
次级社会化——后期通过学校、同伴群体和媒体进行的社会化。速记：中学就是次级社会化机构。
Norms – The unwritten rules of behaviour that a society expects its members to follow. Tip: Norms are the 'normal' ways to act.
规范——社会期望其成员遵守的不成文行为规则。速记：规范就是'正常'的行事方式。
Folkways – Mild norms, such as table manners, that carry little punishment if broken. Tip: Folkways are 'folk' customs – not serious if ignored.
习俗——餐桌礼仪等轻微规范，违反时惩罚很轻。速记：习俗是'民间的'习惯——忽视也不严重。
Mores – Strongly held norms that are seen as vital for social welfare, e.g. honesty. Tip: Mores are 'more' important; breaking them leads to strong disapproval.
民德——被视作对社会福祉至关重要的强烈规范，如诚信。速记：民德更'重要'；违反会招致强烈反对。
4. Values, Beliefs and Roles | 价值观、信仰与角色
Values – Broad principles that a society considers important and worth striving for, e.g. equality, freedom. Tip: Values are what a culture 'values' most.
价值观——社会认为重要且值得追求的一般原则，如平等、自由。速记：价值观就是文化最'看重'的东西。
Beliefs – Specific ideas that people hold to be true, often linked to religion or ideology. Tip: Beliefs are the 'building blocks' of values.
信仰——人们认为是真理的具体观念，常与宗教或意识形态相关。速记：信仰是价值观的'构建模块'。
Role – The expected behaviour attached to a particular social position. Tip: Like an actor's script, your role tells you how to perform.
角色——与特定社会位置相关的期望行为。速记：就像演员的剧本，角色告诉你如何表演。
Role conflict – When a person faces incompatible demands from two or more roles. Tip: Being a student and a part-time worker can cause role conflict.
角色冲突——当一个人面临两个或更多角色之间不相容的要求时。速记：同时是学生和兼职员工可能导致角色冲突。
Status – The social position a person holds, which can be ascribed or achieved. Tip: Status is your 'rank' in the social structure.
地位——一个人所持有的社会位置，可以是先赋的或自致的。速记：地位是你在社会结构中的'等级'。
Ascribed status – A status given at birth or involuntarily, e.g. sex, ethnicity. Tip: 'Ascribed' means assigned – you don't choose it.
先赋地位——出生时或非自愿获得的地位，如性别、种族。速记：'先赋'就是被指定的——你没得选。
Achieved status – A status earned through personal effort, e.g. becoming a doctor. Tip: 'Achieved' means you achieved it on purpose.
自致地位——通过个人努力获得的地位，如成为医生。速记：'自致'说明你是凭自己努力达到的。
5. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Social stratification – The way society is divided into layers (strata) based on factors like class, wealth and power. Tip: Stratification = 'strata' (layers) + 'fication' (making).
社会分层——社会基于阶级、财富和权力等因素被划分为不同层次的方式。速记：分层 = 'strata'（层）+ 'fication'（形成）。
Social class – A group of people who share a similar economic position and lifestyle. Tip: Think of upper, middle and working class.
社会阶级——拥有相似经济地位和生活方式的人群。速记：想象上层、中层和工人阶级。
Life chances – The opportunities an individual has to improve their quality of life, e.g. access to good education and healthcare. Tip: Some people are born with more 'chances' in life.
生活机会——个人改善生活质量的机会，如获得良好教育和医疗的机会。速记：有些人天生就拥有更多生活'机会'。
Social mobility – The ability to move up or down the social hierarchy. Tip: Mobility = movement; can be upward or downward.
社会流动——在社会等级中向上或向下移动的能力。速记：流动 = 移动；可以是向上或向下。
Wealth – The total value of assets owned by a person, such as property, savings and shares. Tip: Wealth is what you 'own'; income is what you earn.
财富——一个人拥有的资产总价值，如房产、储蓄和股票。速记：财富是你'拥有'的；收入是你赚取的。
Income – Money received regularly from work, benefits or investments. Tip: Income flows in; wealth is stored up.
收入——从工作、福利或投资中定期获得的金钱。速记：收入是流进来的；财富是存起来的。
6. Family and Education | 家庭与教育
Family – A group of people connected by kinship, marriage or adoption. Tip: Families come in many forms, not just one model.
家庭——由血缘、婚姻或收养联系在一起的一群人。速记：家庭形式多样，不只一种模式。
Nuclear family – A household consisting of two parents and their children. Tip: 'Nuclear' suggests the core unit.
核心家庭——由父母和其子女组成的家庭。速记：'核心'表示基本单元。
Extended family – A family group that includes relatives beyond the nuclear family, such as grandparents, aunts and uncles. Tip: The family tree 'extends' further.
大家庭——超出核心家庭范围、包括祖父母、姑姨叔舅等亲属的家庭群体。速记：家谱'延伸'得更远。
Education – The formal and informal process of learning knowledge, skills and values. Tip: Education is more than school – it's lifelong learning.
教育——学习知识、技能和价值观的正式与非正式过程。速记：教育不止在学校——它是终身学习。
Formal education – Structured learning in institutions like schools, leading to qualifications. Tip: Formal = official, with a curriculum.
正式教育——在学校等机构中进行的有组织学习，可获得学历。速记：正式 = 官方的，有课程大纲。
Hidden curriculum – The unofficial lessons learnt at school, such as punctuality and obedience. Tip: It's the 'hidden' side of schooling – not in textbooks.
隐性课程——在学校学到的非正式课程内容，如守时和服从。速记：它是学校教育的'隐藏'一面——不在教科书里。
7. Social Control and Deviance | 社会控制与越轨
Social control – The ways society maintains order and ensures people conform to norms. Tip: Control keeps the 'social order' running.
社会控制——社会维持秩序并确保人们遵守规范的方式。速记：控制维持'社会秩序'运转。
Formal social control – Control exercised by official institutions, such as the police and courts. Tip: Formal = written rules and official punishments.
正式社会控制——由警察、法院等官方机构实施的控制。速记：正式 = 书面规则与官方惩罚。
Informal social control – Control through everyday interactions, such as peer pressure or family disapproval. Tip: Informal = unwritten, done through looks, words and gossip.
非正式社会控制——通过日常互动进行的控制，如同伴压力或家庭反对。速记：非正式 = 不成文的，通过眼神、言语和闲话实现。
Deviance – Behaviour that goes against the accepted norms of a society. Tip: Deviance is 'deviating' from the normal path.
越轨——违背社会公认规范的行为。速记：越轨就是偏离'正常轨迹'。
Crime – An act that breaks the law and is punishable by the state. Tip: All crime is deviance, but not all deviance is a crime.
犯罪——违反法律、可受国家惩罚的行为。速记：所有犯罪都是越轨，但并非所有越轨都是犯罪。
Sanctions – Rewards or punishments used to encourage conformity. Tip: Sanctions can be positive (a prize) or negative (a fine).
制裁——用于鼓励服从的奖励或惩罚。速记：制裁可以是积极的（奖品）或消极的（罚款）。
8. Power and Authority | 权力与权威
Power – The ability to make others do what you want, even against their will. Tip: Power is about 'getting your way'.
权力——让他人按照你的意愿行事的能力，即便对方不情愿。速记：权力就是'能按自己意愿行事'。
Authority – Power that is seen as legitimate and accepted by others. Tip: Authority is 'power plus consent'.
权威——被认为是合法且被他人接受的权力。速记：权威 = 权力 + 同意。
Traditional authority – Authority based on long-standing customs, e.g. a monarchy. Tip: 'We've always done it this way' = traditional authority.
传统型权威——基于长期习俗的权威，如君主制。速记：'我们一直这样做的' = 传统型权威。
Legal-rational authority – Authority based on formal rules and laws, e.g. elected governments. Tip: Power comes from the rulebook, not from a person.
法理型权威——基于正式规则和法律的权威，如民选政府。速记：权力来自规则手册，而非个人。
Charismatic authority – Authority arising from an individual's personal charm and appeal. Tip: A leader who inspires by personality holds charismatic authority.
魅力型权威——源于个人魅力和吸引力的权威。速记：凭借人格激励追随者的领袖拥有魅力型权威。
9. Gender and Ethnicity | 性别与种族
Gender – The social and cultural expectations attached to being male or female, distinct from biological sex. Tip: Gender is what society says a man or woman 'should' be like.
性别——与男性或女性身份相关的社会文化期望，区别于生理性别。速记：性别是社会说男人或女人'应该'是什么样。
Gender roles – The tasks, behaviours and responsibilities a society considers appropriate for men and women. Tip: These roles are learned, not born.
性别角色——社会认为适合男性和女性的任务、行为和责任。速记：这些角色是习得的，而非天生的。
Ethnicity – A shared cultural identity based on common language, history, customs and often territory. Tip: Ethnicity is about culture, not biology.
种族——基于共同语言、历史、习俗及通常共享领土的文化认同。速记：种族关乎文化，而非生物学。
Ethnic group – People who share a distinctive ethnicity. Tip: An ethnic group shares a sense of 'us'.
民族群体——共享独特种族属性的人群。速记：民族群体共享一种'我们'的感觉。
Stereotype – A simplified, often exaggerated generalisation about a group. Tip: Stereotypes are 'mental shortcuts' that can be harmful.
刻板印象——对某群体的简单化、常被夸大的概括。速记：刻板印象是可能有危害的'心理捷径'。
Prejudice – Pre-judging someone negatively based on their group membership. Tip: Pre-judge = prejudice.
偏见——基于某人所归属的群体而对其作出的负面预判。速记：偏见 = 预先判断。
Discrimination – Actions that treat people unfairly because of their group. Tip: Discrimination is prejudice put into action.
歧视——因人们的群体而对其不公平对待的行为。速记：歧视是付诸行动的偏见。
10. Research Methods Key Terms | 研究方法关键术语
Research methods – The systematic techniques sociologists use to collect data about the social world. Tip: Methods are the 'tools' of the sociologist.
研究方法——社会学家用来收集社会世界数据的系统技术。速记：方法就是社会学家的'工具'。
Questionnaire – A list of written questions given to respondents, often used for surveys. Tip: Q-uestionnaire = Q-uestions on paper.
问卷调查——发给受访者的一列书面问题，常用于调查。速记：问卷 = 纸上的问题。
Interview – A conversation where the researcher asks questions face-to-face, by phone or online. Tip: Structured = fixed questions; unstructured = open conversation.
访谈——研究者面对面、通过电话或在线提问的对话。速记：结构式访谈 = 固定问题；非结构式 = 开放式交谈。
Observation – Watching and recording people's behaviour in natural or controlled settings. Tip: Participant observation = you join in; non-participant = you stay an outsider.
观察——在自然或控制环境中观看并记录人们行为的方法。速记：参与式观察 = 你加入进去；非参与式 = 你保持局外人。
Primary data – New data collected directly by the researcher for a specific purpose. Tip: Primary = first-hand, you collect it yourself.
一手数据——研究者为特定目的亲自直接收集的新数据。速记：一手 = 第一手的，你亲自收集。
Secondary data – Existing data that has already been collected by someone else, e.g. official statistics. Tip: Second-hand data = secondary data.
二手数据——他人已收集好的既有数据，如官方统计。速记：二手数据 = 别人用过一次的。
Sample – A smaller group selected from a larger population to represent it. Tip: A good sample is like a mini-version of the whole population.
样本——从较大总体中选出的较小群体，用以代表总体。速记：一个好的样本就像总体的缩小版。
Validity – The extent to which a research method measures what it claims to measure. Tip: Valid = truthful and accurate.
效度——研究方法在多大程度上测量到了其声称要测量的东西。速记：有效 = 真实准确。
Reliability – The consistency of a research method; if repeated, it would give similar results. Tip: Reliable = repeatable.
信度——研究方法的一致性；重复时会得到相似结果。速记：可信 = 可重复。
11. Sociological Perspectives Quick Glance | 社会学理论速览
Functionalism – A perspective that sees society as a system of interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability. Tip: Like the organs in a body – each part has a function.
功能主义——一种将社会视为协同工作以维持稳定的相互关联部分的视角。速记：像身体器官——每个部分都有功能。
Marxism – A conflict perspective that focuses on class inequality and the struggle between the bourgeoisie (owners) and proletariat (workers). Tip: Marxism = class conflict over resources.
马克思主义——关注阶级不平等以及资产阶级（所有者）与无产阶级（工人）之间斗争的冲突视角。速记：马克思主义 = 围绕资源的阶级冲突。
Feminism – A perspective that examines gender inequalities and advocates for women's rights. Tip: Feminism highlights how society
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