📚 GCSE CCEA Physics: Mind Map Quick Memorisation | GCSE CCEA 物理：思维导图速记
Master GCSE CCEA Physics by building a mental mind map of the core topics: motion, forces, energy, radioactivity, waves, electricity, magnetism and space. This bilingual guide pairs each key concept in English and Chinese to speed up memorisation, so that every equation, unit and definition is ready before you turn over the exam paper.
通过构建核心主题的思维导图来掌握 GCSE CCEA 物理：运动、力、能量、放射性、波、电学、磁学和太空物理。本双语指南对每个关键概念进行中英配对，帮助你快速记忆，让你在翻开试卷之前就准备好每一个公式、单位和定义。
1. Building Your CCEA Physics Mind Map | 构建你的 CCEA 物理思维导图
A mind map compresses a long specification onto one page of pictures and short phrases. Put "CCEA Physics" in the centre of the page and draw eight main branches: motion, forces, energy, waves, electricity, magnetism, radioactivity and space.
思维导图把冗长的考纲压缩成一页图像和短语。把 "CCEA Physics" 写在页面中心，然后画出八条主分支：运动、力、能量、波、电学、磁学、放射性和太空。
On each branch write only three things: the keyword, the equation and the unit. Use colour consistently - blue for equations, green for units, red for definitions that must be quoted word for word. Add a symbol diagram next to each word so your brain stores the image with the fact.
每条分支只写三样东西：关键词、公式和单位。颜色要保持一致——蓝色写公式，绿色写单位，红色写必须逐字背诵的定义。在每个词旁边画一个小示意图，让大脑把图像和知识点一起储存。
- Day 1: copy the finished map slowly by hand. 第一天：用手慢慢抄写完整的导图。
- Day 3: cover the map and redraw it from memory, then check the gaps. 第三天：遮住导图，凭记忆重画，再检查遗漏。
- Day 7: say each branch aloud in English, then repeat it in Chinese. 第七天：用英语大声说出每条分支，再用中文复述。
2. Describing Motion: Speed, Velocity and Acceleration | 描述运动：速率、速度与加速度
Motion is described by distance, speed, velocity and acceleration. Speed is a scalar quantity with size only; velocity is a vector, so it includes direction. Displacement is the straight-line distance from start to finish and is also a vector.
运动由路程、速率、速度与加速度描述。速率是标量，只有大小；速度是矢量，包含方向。位移是从起点到终点的直线距离，同样是矢量。
The average speed of an object equals total distance divided by time taken. Speed is measured in metres per second, m/s.
物体的平均速度等于总路程除以所用时间。速度的单位是米每秒，m/s。
v = d ÷ t
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. If an object accelerates uniformly from initial velocity u to final velocity v in time t, the acceleration is found by the equation below, in m/s².
加速度是速度的变化率。若物体在时间 t 内从初速度 u 匀加速到末速度 v，加速度由下式计算，单位为 m/s²。
a = (v − u) ÷ t
On a distance-time graph the gradient gives the speed. On a velocity-time graph the gradient gives the acceleration and the area under the line gives the distance travelled.
在路程-时间图上，斜率代表速率。在速度-时间图上，斜率代表加速度，图线下的面积代表行驶的路程。
3. Forces, Weight and Moments | 力、重量与力矩
Newton's Second Law states that the resultant force acting on an object is equal to its mass multiplied by its acceleration. Force is measured in newtons (N), mass in kilograms (kg) and acceleration in m/s².
牛顿第二定律指出，作用在物体上的合力等于其质量乘以加速度。力的单位是牛顿 (N)，质量单位是千克 (kg)，加速度单位是 m/s²。
F = m a
10 N/kg). Weight is a force in newtons; mass is not a force and is measured in kilograms.
重量是重力作用在质量上的力，等于质量乘以重力场强度 g（地球表面 g ≈ 10 N/kg）。重量是力，单位牛顿；质量不是力，单位千克。
W = m g
A moment is the turning effect of a force. It depends on the size of the force and the perpendicular distance from the pivot. For a balanced lever, the sum of clockwise moments equals the sum of anticlockwise moments - this is the principle of moments.
力矩是力的转动效应。它取决于力的大小和力到支点的垂直距离。对于平衡的杠杆，顺时针力矩之和等于逆时针力矩之和——这就是力矩原理。
M = F d
- Moment unit: newton metre, N m. 力矩单位：牛米，N m。
- Doubling the distance from the pivot doubles the turning effect. 到支点距离加倍，转动效应也加倍。
- An object is most stable when its centre of gravity is low and its base is wide. 重心低、底面积宽时物体最稳定。
4. Momentum and Car Safety Design | 动量与汽车安全设计
Momentum p is the product of mass and velocity, measured in kg m/s. Because velocity is a vector, momentum has direction, and in a closed system the total momentum before an event equals the total momentum after it.
动量 p 是质量与速度的乘积，单位为 kg m/s。由于速度是矢量，动量也有方向；在封闭系统中，作用前的总动量等于作用后的总动量。
The rate of change of momentum is equal to the resultant force, so a longer stopping time means a smaller force on the passengers.
动量的变化率等于合力，因此停止时间越长，乘客受到的力就越小。
p = m v F = Δp ÷ t
Safety features such as seat belts, air bags and crumple zones reduce the force on passengers during a collision by increasing the time over which the change in momentum occurs.
安全带、安全气囊和溃缩区等安全装置，通过延长动量变化所用的时间，减小碰撞时乘客受到的力。
- Seat belts stretch slightly, extending stopping time. 安全带轻微拉伸，延长减速时间。
- Air bags provide a cushion, increasing the time for the head to stop. 安全气囊提供缓冲，增大头部停止时间。
- Crumple zones deform progressively, increasing the time over which the car stops. 溃缩区逐步变形，增加汽车停止所需时间。
5. Energy Stores, Transfers and Efficiency | 能量储存、转移与效率
Energy can be stored in several ways: kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic potential, thermal, chemical, nuclear, magnetic and electrostatic. Energy is never created or destroyed; it is only transferred from one store to another.
能量有多种储存形式：动能、重力势能、弹性势能、热能、化学能、核能、磁能和静电势能。能量既不会创生也不会消失，只会从一个储存转移到另一个储存。
Eₖ = ½ m v² Eₚ = m g h
Work done equals force multiplied by distance moved along the line of the force, and power is the rate of transferring energy, measured in watts (W). One watt is one joule per second.
做功等于力乘以沿力的方向移动的距离；功率是能量转移的速率，单位为瓦特 (W)。1 瓦特等于每秒 1 焦耳。
W = F d P = E ÷ t
Efficiency compares useful output with total input and is usually written as a percentage. Energy that is not usefully transferred is dissipated to the thermal store of the surroundings, often by heating.
效率比较有用输出与总输入，通常写成百分比。未被有效利用的能量耗散到周围环境的热储存中，通常以加热的方式散失。
efficiency = (useful output ÷ total input) × 100%
6. Waves: Properties and the Wave Equation | 波：性质与波方程
Waves transfer energy and information without transferring matter. Transverse waves vibrate at right angles to the direction of travel, for example light; longitudinal waves vibrate along the direction of travel, for example sound.
波传递能量和信息，但不传递物质。横波的振动方向与传播方向垂直，例如光；纵波的振动方向与传播方向平行，例如声波。
Amplitude is the maximum displacement from rest, wavelength λ is the distance between two identical points on a wave, frequency f is the number of waves per second in hertz (Hz), and period T is the time for one complete wave.
振幅是偏离平衡位置的最大位移；波长 λ 是波上两个相同点之间的距离；频率 f 是每秒的波数，单位为赫兹 (Hz)；周期 T 是完成一个完整波所需的时间。
v = f λ f = 1 ÷ T
When a wave meets a boundary it can be reflected, refracted or diffracted. Refraction happens because the wave speed changes in a new medium; diffraction is the spreading of waves through a gap or around an obstacle.
当波遇到界面时会发生反射、折射或衍射。折射是因为波在新介质中速度改变；衍射是波通过狭缝或绕过障碍物时发生的扩散。
7. Light, Sound and the Electromagnetic Spectrum | 光、声与电磁波谱
Sound is a longitudinal wave that needs a medium, and human hearing covers roughly 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Ultrasound has a frequency above 20 kHz and is used for medical scanning and cleaning.
声波是需要介质的纵波，人耳听觉范围大约是 20 Hz 到 20 kHz。超声波频率高于 20 kHz，可用于医学扫描和清洗。
amma rays. All electromagnetic waves are transverse and travel at 3 × 10⁸ m/s in a vacuum.
电磁波谱按波长从长到短依次为：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线和伽马射线。所有电磁波都是横波，在真空中以 3 × 10⁸ m/s 传播。
Each region has characteristic uses and dangers - infrared for heaters and thermal imaging, ultraviolet for sterilising but also skin damage, X-rays for imaging but also cell mutation. For refraction at a boundary, use the refractive index equation below, where i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of refraction.
每个波段都有典型用途和危害——红外线用于加热和热成像，紫外线用于消毒
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