📚 KS3 CIE Psychology: Key Terms Memorisation Guide | KS3 CIE 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential psychology glossary – designed to help you learn, remember, and apply key terminology for the KS3 CIE Psychology course. Understanding these terms is the first step to mastering the subject and boosting your exam confidence.
欢迎阅读这本必备的心理学词汇指南——专为帮助你学习、记忆和运用 KS3 CIE 心理学课程的关键术语而设计。理解这些术语是掌握该学科、提升考试信心的第一步。
1. Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour | 心理学：思维与行为的科学
Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behaviour in a given context. It uses empirical evidence rather than intuition.
心理学是对人类心理及其功能的科学研究，尤其关注在特定情境下影响行为的功能。它使用实证证据而非直觉。
Behaviour refers to any observable action made by a living person or animal. In psychology, we distinguish between overt behaviour (visible) and covert behaviour (internal, like thinking).
行为是指人类或动物做出的任何可观察动作。在心理学中，我们区分外显行为（可见的）和内隐行为（内部的，如思维）。
Cognitive processes are internal mental activities such as perception, memory, language and problem-solving. The term 'cognition' comes from Latin 'cognoscere', meaning 'to know'.
认知过程是内部心理活动，如感知、记忆、语言和问题解决。术语“认知”源自拉丁语“cognoscere”，意为“知道”。
Introspection is a method of looking inward to examine one's own conscious thoughts and feelings. This was used by early psychologists like Wilhelm Wundt.
内省是一种向内审视自身意识思维和情感的方法。早期心理学家如威廉·冯特曾使用此法。
Memory tip: Think of 'psyche' (soul) + 'ology' (study of) → the study of the soul, modernised as mind and behaviour.
记忆提示：将“psyche”（灵魂）+“ology”（学科）→ 灵魂的研究，现代化为对心理和行为的研究。
2. Research Methods: Core Terminology | 研究方法：核心术语
An experiment is a research method in which the researcher manipulates one variable (the independent variable) to measure its effect on another variable (the dependent variable) while controlling other factors.
实验是一种研究方法，研究者操纵一个变量（自变量）以测量其对另一个变量（因变量）的影响，同时控制其他因素。
A hypothesis is a precise, testable statement predicting the outcome of a study. It often takes the form: 'If...then...'. For example, 'If students listen to music, then their test scores will improve.'
假设是一个精确、可检验的陈述，预测研究结果。通常采用“如果……那么……”的形式。例如：“如果学生听音乐，那么他们的考试成绩会提高。”
A null hypothesis states that there will be no effect or no difference between conditions; any observed effect is due to chance. It is the statement researchers attempt to disprove.
零假设陈述各个条件之间没有效应或没有差异；任何观察到的效应都是由偶然造成的。这是研究者试图推翻的陈述。
Operationalisation means defining variables in a way that they can be clearly measured. For instance, 'aggression' could be operationalised as the number of times a child hits a doll.
操作化是指以能明确测量的方式定义变量。例如，“攻击性”可以操作化为儿童击打玩偶的次数。
Think of 'operationalise' as 'making it work' – turning an abstract concept into concrete, countable actions.
把“操作化”想象成“使其运作”——将抽象概念转化为具体、可计数的行为。
3. Experimental Variables and Hypotheses | 实验变量与假设
The independent variable (IV) is the factor the researcher changes or manipulates. It is the 'cause' in a cause-and-effect relationship. In a study on caffeine and memory, the IV is the amount of caffeine.
自变量（IV）是研究者改变或操纵的因素。它是因果关系中的“原因”。在一项关于咖啡因与记忆的研究中，IV 是咖啡因的剂量。
The dependent variable (DV) is the factor that is measured; it 'depends' on the IV. In the same study, the DV would be the memory test score.
因变量（DV）是被测量的因素；它“依赖于”IV。在同一研究中，DV 是记忆测试的分数。
Extraneous variables are any variables other than the IV that could affect the DV if not controlled. For example, participants' prior caffeine consumption is an extraneous variable.
外来变量是除 IV 外任何可能影响 DV 的变量，如果未加以控制。例如，参与者之前的咖啡因摄入就是一个外来变量。
A confounding variable is a type of extraneous variable that actually varies systematically with the IV, making it impossible to tell which variable caused the effect.
混淆变量是一种与 IV 系统性相关的外来变量，导致无法判断是哪一个变量引起了效应。
To remember IV vs DV: 'I change the Independent variable, and I measure the Dependent variable.'
记忆 IV 与 DV：“我改变自变量（Independent），我测量因变量（Dependent）。”
4. Memory: Encoding, Storage and Retrieval | 记忆：编码、存储与提取
Encoding is the process of transforming sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory. It can be visual (picture), acoustic (sound) or semantic (meaning).
编码是将感觉输入转换为可储存于记忆中的形式的过程。它可以是视觉的（图像）、听觉的（声音）或语义的（意义）。
Storage refers to maintaining information in memory over a period of time. The multi-store model suggests three stores: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM).
储存是指将信息在记忆中保持一段时间。多存储模型提出三种存储：感觉记忆、短期记忆（STM）和长期记忆（LTM）。
Retrieval is the process of accessing stored information when needed. Retrieval failure can cause the 'tip-of-the-tongue' phenomenon, where you know you know something but cannot recall it.
提取是在需要时访问已存储信息的过程。提取失败会导致“话到嘴边”现象，即你明知自己知道某事却无法回忆起来。
(about 18-30 seconds). Rehearsal can keep information in STM and help transfer it to LTM.
短期记忆（STM）容量有限（7±2项），持续时间约 18-30 秒。复述可以将信息保持在 STM 中，并有助于将其转入 LTM。
Long-term memory (LTM) has a potentially unlimited capacity and duration. It is divided into episodic (personal events), semantic (facts) and procedural (skills).
长期记忆（LTM）的容量和持续时间几乎是无限的。它分为情景记忆（个人事件）、语义记忆（事实）和程序性记忆（技能）。
Mnemonics: 'ESC'– Encode, Store, Retrieve the Car of memory. For STM capacity, remember 'Magic number 7'.
记忆术：“ESC”——编码（Encode）、储存（Store）、提取（Retrieve），记忆之车。STM 容量记住“神奇数字 7”。
5. Perception and Sensory Processing | 感知与感觉加工
Sensation is the process by which our sensory receptors detect physical energy from the environment and transmit it to the brain. It is the raw data of experience.
感觉是我们的感觉受体探测环境中的物理能量并将其传递至大脑的过程。它是经验的原始数据。
Perception is the brain's interpretation and organisation of sensory information, giving it meaning. Perception is influenced by expectations, past experiences and context.
知觉是大脑对感觉信息的解释和组织，赋予其意义。知觉受期望、过往经验和情境的影响。
An illusion is a perceptual distortion where we perceive something differently from physical reality. The Müller-Lyer illusion, where two lines of equal length appear different due to arrowheads, is a classic example.
错觉是一种知觉扭曲，我们感知到的事物与物理现实不同。缪勒-莱尔错觉是经典例子，两条等长的线条因箭头方向不同而看似长度不等。
Visual constancy refers to our ability to perceive objects as unchanging despite changes in sensory input. For instance, a door appears rectangular even when its retinal image becomes a trapezoid as it opens.
视觉恒常性指尽管感觉输入发生变化，我们仍能将物体感知为不变的能力。例如，即使门打开时视网膜上的成像变成梯形，我们仍将其视为矩形。
Think of sensation as 'detection' and perception as 'interpretation'. Senses detect, brain perceives.
把感觉想成“探测”，知觉想成“解释”。感官探测，大脑知觉。
6. Social Influence: Conformity, Obedience and Prosocial Behaviour | 社会影响：从众、服从与亲社会行为
Conformity is a change in behaviour or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure. Solomon Asch's line-judgment study demonstrated that people often conform even when the group is clearly wrong.
从众是因真实或想象的群体压力而导致的行为或信念改变。所罗门·阿希的线条判断研究表明，即使群体明显错误，人们也常常从众。
Obedience is following direct commands, usually from an authority figure. Stanley Milgram's electric shock experiment showed that ordinary people could obey orders to harm another person.
服从是遵循直接命令，通常来自权威人物。斯坦利·米尔格拉姆的电击实验表明，普通人可能会服从伤害他人的命令。
The bystander effect is the tendency for individuals to be less likely to help a victim when other people are present. Diffusion of responsibility is a key explanation – each person assumes someone else will act.
旁观者效应是指当有其他人在场时，个人更不可能帮助受害者的倾向。责任分散是一个关键解释——每个人都假设别人会行动。
Prosocial behaviour refers to voluntary actions intended to benefit others, such as helping, sharing and cooperating. Empathy is a strong motivator for prosocial acts.
亲社会行为是指旨在造福他人的自愿行动，如帮助、分享和合作。共情是亲社会行为的重要动机。
Technique: associate 'conformity' with 'con-form' – to form your behaviour to match the group. 'Obedience' – 'obey' the leader.
技巧：将“conformity”联想为“con-form”——塑造你的行为以匹配群体。“obedience”就是“obey”领导者。
7. Attachment Theory and Early Deprivation | 依恋理论与早期剥夺
Attachment is a deep and enduring emotional bond connecting one person to another across time and space. John Bowlby argued that infants form attachments with caregivers for survival and emotional security.
依恋是一种跨越时空将一个人与另一个人联系起来的深刻而持久的情感纽带。约翰·鲍比认为，婴儿与照料者形成依恋是为了生存和情感安全。
The Strange Situation is a procedure developed by Mary Ainsworth to assess attachment style in infants aged 12-18 months. It identifies secure, insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant attachment types.
陌生情境是玛丽·安斯沃思开发的一套程序，用于评估 12-18 个月婴儿的依恋类型。它识别出安全型、不安全-回避型和不安全-反抗型依恋。
Maternal deprivation is the loss or prolonged separation from the primary caregiver during the critical period, which Bowlby believed could lead to long-term emotional and social problems.
母爱剥夺是在关键期内失去或长期离开主要照料者，鲍比认为这可能导致长期的情感和社交问题。
Imprinting is a rapid form of learning that occurs during a sensitive period, especially in some birds, where a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees. Konrad Lorenz demonstrated this with geese.
印刻是一种在敏感期内发生的快速学习形式，尤其在某些鸟类中，幼体会依恋其看到的第一个移动物体。康拉德·洛伦兹用鹅证明了这一点。
Link 'attachment' to 'attached by a string' – an invisible emotional string connecting child and caregiver.
将“attachment”联想为“被一根绳子系住”——一根看不见的情感绳索连接着孩子和照料者。
8. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development | 皮亚杰的认知发展阶段
Jean Piaget proposed that children actively construct their understanding of the world through schemas, which are mental frameworks that organise past experiences and guide action.
让·皮亚杰提出，儿童通过图式（组织过去经验并指导行动的心理框架）主动建构对世界的理解。
Assimilation is using an existing schema to deal with a new object or situation. For example, a child who knows 'dog' may call a cat a 'dog'.
同化是使用现有图式来处理新物体或情境。例如，一个认识“狗”的孩子可能会把猫也叫作“狗”。
Accommodation happens when existing schemas change to incorporate new information. When the child learns that the cat is different, they create a new 'cat' schema.
顺应当现有图式发生变化以纳入新信息时发生。当孩子了解到猫是不同的，他们就会创建一个新的“猫”图式。
The four stages in sequence: Sensorimotor (0-2 years, object permanence), Preoperational (2-7 years, symbolic thought, egocentrism), Concrete Operational (7-11 years, logical thought about concrete events) and Formal Operational (11+ years, abstract reasoning).
四个阶段依次为：感知运动阶段（0-2岁，客体永存性）、前运算阶段（2-7岁，符号思维、自我中心）、具体运算阶段（7-11岁，对具体事件的逻辑思维）和形式运算阶段（11岁以上，抽象推理）。
ry aid for stages: Some Penguins Can Fly → Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete, Formal.
阶段记忆口诀：Some Penguins Can Fly → 感知运动、前运算、具体运算、形式运算。
9. Ethical Issues in Psychological Research | 心理学研究中的伦理议题
Informed consent means that participants must be given full information about the study's purpose, procedures, potential risks and their right to withdraw before they agree to take part.
知情同意指在参与者同意参与之前，必须充分告知研究目的、程序、潜在风险以及他们随时退出的权利。
Deception involves misleading or withholding information from participants. While sometimes justified if necessary for the study, it must be followed by a thorough debrief explaining the true nature of the research.
欺骗包括误导参与者或隐瞒信息。虽然有时因研究需要而难免，但之后必须进行彻底的事后解释，说明研究的真实性质。
Confidentiality is the obligation to protect participants' personal data. Researchers must ensure that individuals cannot be identified from published results and data is stored securely.
保密是保护参与者个人数据的义务。研究者必须确保从发表的结果中无法识别个人，数据安全存放。
Protection from harm means that participants should not experience physical or psychological distress greater than that encountered in everyday life. The researcher's responsibility is to safeguard well-being.
保护免受伤害意味着参与者不应经历超出日常生活的身心痛苦。研究者的责任是保障福祉。
Acronym: 'I Can Deceive People' – Informed consent, Confidentiality, Deception, Protection. It reminds you of the key ethical principles to consider.
首字母缩略：“I Can Deceive People”——知情同意（Informed consent）、保密（Confidentiality）、欺骗（Deception）、保护（Protection）。这能提醒你考虑关键伦理原则。
10. Biological Psychology: Brain and Nervous System | 生物心理学：脑与神经系统
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It processes incoming information and coordinates responses. It is the body's main control centre.
中枢神经系统（CNS）由脑和脊髓组成。它处理传入的信息并协调反应。它是身体的主要控制中心。
Neurons are specialised nerve cells that transmit electrical and chemical signals throughout the body. A synapse is the tiny gap between neurons where neurotransmitters are released.
神经元是特化的神经细胞，在全身传递电化学信号。突触是神经元之间微小的间隙，神经递质在此释放。
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers, such as serotonin (mood regulation) and dopamine (reward and pleasure), that cross the synapse to continue the signal.
神经递质是化学信使，如血清素（情绪调节）和多巴胺（奖赏与愉悦），它们穿过突触传递信号。
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls involuntary functions like heartbeat and digestion. It has two branches: the sympathetic (fight-or-flight) and the parasympathetic (rest-and-digest).
自主神经系统（ANS）控制心跳和消化等不随意功能。它有两个分支：交感神经（战斗或逃跑）和副交感神经（休息与消化）。
Visualise the CNS as the 'command centre', neurons as 'messenger wires' and neurotransmitters as 'keys' fitting into locks on the next neuron.
将 CNS 想象成“指挥中心”，神经元是“信使电线”，神经递质是插入下一个神经元锁孔的“钥匙”。
11. Top Mnemonics and Memory Hacks for Psychology | 心理学术语速记口诀与技巧
Apply the method of loci: imagine walking through your home and placing psychology terms in different rooms. For example, place 'IV' on the kitchen counter because you change ingredients, and 'DV' on the dining table because you measure the outcome.
使用记忆宫殿法：想象在家中走动，把心理学术语放到不同房间。比如，将“IV”放在厨房台面上，因为你更换食材；将“DV”放在餐桌上，因为你测量结果。
Create acronyms: For Piaget's stages, use 'Some People Can Fly'. For ethical issues, 'Can Do Pond In' – Confidentiality, Deception, Protection, Informed consent (rearranged). The sillier the image, the better it sticks.
创作首字母缩略：皮亚杰阶段用“Some People Can Fly”（有人能飞）。伦理议题用“Can Do Pond In”——保密、欺骗、保护、知情同意（重新排列）。画面越荒诞、记忆越牢固。
Turn abstract terms into concrete stories: 'Operationalisation' sounds like a 'operation' in a factory, where raw ideas get turned into measurable products on an assembly line.
把抽象术语变成具体故事：“Operationalisation”（操作化）听起来像工厂里的“操作”，原始想法在流水线上变成可测量的产品。
Self-testing with flashcards: write the term on one side and the definition plus a personal example on the other. Test yourself regularly and shuffle the cards to avoid memorising the order rather than the content.
用闪卡自测：一面写术语，另一面写定义加上个人化的例子。定期自测并打乱卡片顺序，避免只记住顺序而非内容。
12. Quick Recap Table: Key Terms at a Glance | 术语速览表
Here is a summary table of the crucial terms and their core meanings to reinforce your revision. Use this as a last-minute boost before tests.
以下是一份关键术语及其核心含义的总结表，用以巩固复习。可用作考前快速温习材料。
| Term | Quick Definition / 定义 |
| Independent Variable (IV) | What you change / 你改变的变量 |
| Dependent Variable (DV) | What you measure / 你测量的变量 |
| Encoding | Transforming input for storage / 为储存转化输入 |
| Conformity | Yielding to group pressure / 屈服于群体压力 |
| O
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