📚 San Francisco: Geography, History, Culture and Innovation | 旧金山：地理、历史、文化与科技创新
San Francisco is an international city in the state of California and one of the most famous cities in the world. It sits in north-central California, right beside the Pacific coast, and it is from that coastal setting and its gold-rush past that its Chinese name, "Old Gold Mountain", comes. The city is known for its unusual geography, its diverse culture and its spectacular scenery.
旧金山是加州的一座国际化都市，也是全球最负盛名的城市之一。它坐落在加州中北部，紧邻太平洋海岸，正因如此，中文里得名"旧金山"。这座城市以奇特的地理格局、多元的文化气息和壮阔的景观著称。
1. San Francisco at a Glance | 旧金山概览
San Francisco is a city and county in the United States, located in northern California on the tip of a peninsula between the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay. It is the cultural and financial centre of the wider Bay Area, a region of more than seven million people.
旧金山是美国的一座市县合一的城市，位于加州北部、太平洋与旧金山湾之间的半岛顶端。它是整个湾区（人口超过七百万）的文化与金融中心。
Although the city itself is small - only about 121 square kilometres - it carries enormous global influence in tourism, culture and technology. Its compact size means most of it can be explored on foot, by cable car or by bus.
虽然城市本身不大——面积仅约 121 平方千米——但它在旅游、文化和科技领域具有巨大的全球影响力。城市紧凑，意味着大部分地方都可以靠步行、有轨电车或公交来探索。
Key facts are summarised in the table below.
下表汇总了关键信息。
| Item / 项目 | Detail / 内容 |
| Country / 国家 | United States (California) / 美国（加利福尼亚州） |
| Area / 面积 | about 121 km² / 约 121 平方千米 |
| City population / 城市人口 | about 810,000 / 约 81 万 |
| Bay Area population / 湾区人口 | about 7.7 million / 约 770 万 |
| Founded / 建城 | 1776 (Spanish mission and presidio) / 1776 年（西班牙传教站与要塞） |
| Climate / 气候 | Mediterranean, mild, foggy / 地中海气候，温和多雾 |
The city has several nicknames: "The City by the Bay", "The Golden City" and simply "The City". In Chinese it is written either as 旧金山 (Old Gold Mountain) or as 三藩市, a transliteration used mainly in Cantonese-speaking communities.
这座城市有多个别称："海湾之城"、"金色之城"，或者干脆就叫"城市"。中文里既可写作"旧金山"，也可写作"三藩市"，后者主要通行于粤语社群。
2. Where Is San Francisco? | 旧金山在哪里？地理与气候
San Francisco occupies the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula. To the west lies the open Pacific Ocean; to the east lies San Francisco Bay; to the north, the narrow Golden Gate strait separates the city from Marin County.
旧金山占据旧金山半岛的北端。西面是开阔的太平洋，东面是旧金山湾，北面则是狭窄的金门海峡，把城市与马林县隔开。
The city is famous for its hills. More than forty named hills rise inside the city limits, including Nob Hill, Russian Hill, Telegraph Hill and Twin Peaks, which reach about 282 metres.
这座城市以山丘闻名。市界之内有四十多座有名字的山丘，包括诺布山、俄罗斯山、电报山和双子峰，其中双子峰高约 282 米。
The climate is Mediterranean: mild, wet winters from November to April and dry, cool summers. Because of the cold California Current offshore, summer temperatures rarely climb above 22 °C, and a thick advection fog often rolls in through the Golden Gate.
当地气候为地中海型：11 月至次年 4 月是温和多雨的冬季，夏季干燥凉爽。由于近海有寒冷的加利福尼亚寒流，夏季气温很少超过 22 °C，浓密的平流雾常从金门涌入城中。
Local people have even given the fog a nickname, "Karl the Fog". A famous saying - often, though wrongly, attributed to Mark Twain - claims that "the coldest winter I ever spent was a summer in San Francisco".
当地人甚至给雾起了名字，叫"雾卡尔"。有一句名言——常被误传为马克·吐温所说——"我度过的最冷的冬天，是旧金山的夏天"。
San Francisco is also earthquake country. The San Andreas and Hayward faults run nearby, and the city was devastated by the 1906 earthquake and by the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989.
旧金山还地处地震带。圣安德烈亚斯断层和海沃德断层就在附近，1906 年大地震和 1989 年洛马普列塔地震都曾给城市造成严重破坏。
3. From Gold Rush to Great City: A Short History | 从淘金热到大都市：简史
Before Europeans arrived, the area was home to the Ohlone people. In 1776 Spanish colonists founded Mission San Francisco de Asís and a military presidio, and the settlement was later named Yerba Buena.
在欧洲人到来之前，这里是奥隆尼人的家园。1776 年西班牙殖民者建立了圣方济各传教站和一座军事要塞，定居点后来被称为耶尔巴布埃纳。
The turning point came in 1848, when gold was discovered in California. In 1849 the Gold Rush brought tens of thousands of prospectors, and the town - renamed San Francisco in 1847 - exploded from a few hundred residents to about 25,000 by 1850.
转折点出现在 1848 年，加州发现黄金。1849 年的淘金热吸引了成千上万的淘金者，这座于 1847 年改名为旧金山的城镇，人口从几百人暴增到 1850 年的约两万五千人。
As one of the earliest settlements on the American West Coast, San Francisco became a busy port city serving the mines, and Chinese migrants, who called California "Gold Mountain", arrived in large numbers - which is why the city is still known in Chinese as "Old Gold Mountain".
作为美国西海岸最早的定居点之一，旧金山成为服务矿区的繁忙港口城市；把加州称作"金山"的华人移民大量到来——这正是这座城市至今被中文称为"旧金山"的原因。
In 1869 the transcontinental railroad was completed, linking California to the eastern states, and the port grew further. After the 1906 earthquake and fire destroyed much of the city, San Francisco rebuilt itself quickly and hosted the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in 1915.
1869 年横贯大陆铁路建成，把加州与东部各州连接起来，港口进一步发展。1906 年地震和大火摧毁了大半个城市之后，旧金山迅速重建，并于 1915 年举办了巴拿马太平洋万国博览会。
Today, charming old buildings from that period can still be seen, such as the San Francisco Ferry Building, Golden Gate Park and City Hall.
如今依然能看到那一时期留下的迷人老建筑，比如旧金山渡轮大厦、金门公园和市政厅。
4. Historic Buildings You Can Still See Today | 今日仍可见的历史建筑
The Ferry Building, completed in 1898, was the gateway to the city before the bridges were built. Its 75-metre clock tower once guided ferries across the bay, and today the building houses a popular farmers market and food hall.
渡轮大厦建成于 1898 年，在大桥建成之前一直是城市的门户。它那座 75 米高的钟楼曾为横渡海湾的渡轮导航，如今大厦里是深受欢迎的农夫市集和美食大厅。
Golden Gate Park was laid out in the 1870s on what had been sand dunes. Covering about 4.1 square kilometres, it is larger than New York's Central Park and contains gardens, lakes, museums and even a small herd of bison.
金门公园在 1870 年代建于一片沙丘之上。它占地约 4.1 平方千米，比纽约中央公园还大，园内有花园、湖泊、博物馆，甚至还有一小群野牛。
San Francisco City Hall, rebuilt in 1915 in the Beaux-Arts style, is crowned by a dome that rises about 94 metres - slightly taller than the dome of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.
旧金山市政厅于 1915 年以布杂艺术风格重建，其穹顶高约 94 米，比华盛顿特区的美国国会大厦穹顶还要略高一些。
Other survivors and landmarks worth noticing include Mission Dolores, the oldest surviving building in the city, the Art Deco Coit Tower of 1933, and the Palace of Fine Arts, built for the 1915 exposition.
其他值得留意的历史遗存与地标还包括：城中现存最古老的建筑多洛雷斯传教站、1933 年建成的装饰艺术风格科伊特塔，以及为 1915 年博览会而建的旧金山艺术宫。
5. The Hills: Lombard Street and Steep Streets | 山丘：伦巴底街与陡坡街道
San Francisco is also charming because of its steep hills. Some streets climb at gradients of 20 % or more, and drivers must park their cars with the wheels turned toward the kerb.
旧金山也因陡峭的山坡而别具魅力。有些街道的坡度超过 20%，司机停车时必须把车轮转向路缘。
The most famous is Lombard Street, the winding, crooked street on Russian Hill. The celebrated block between Hyde Street and Leavenworth Street has eight sharp hairpin bends paved with red brick.
最有名的当属俄罗斯山上的伦巴底街，也就是那条蜿蜒曲折的街道。海德街与利文沃斯街之间的这一著名路段有八个急转弯，路面用红砖铺成。
The bends were added in 1922 to make the 27 % natural grade safer for vehicles; the switchbacks reduce the effective slope to about 16 %. Cars may only travel downhill, one way, from east to west.
这些弯道是 1922 年加建的，为了让 27% 的天然坡度对车辆更安全；弯道把实际坡度降到约 16%。车辆只能单向由上往下、自东向西行驶。
The street offers superb views over the bay and is one of the most photographed spots in the United States. Nearby, the Filbert Street steps and the 22nd Street steps offer quieter climbs with equally fine views.
这条街视野绝佳，可以俯瞰海湾，是美国被拍照最多的地点之一。附近的菲尔伯特街台阶和 22 街台阶则更为清静，风景同样出色。
6. Cable Cars: The City's Moving Landmark | 有轨电车：移动的城市地标
Another symbol of San Francisco is its cable car. The system was invented by Andrew Hallidie and began operating in 1873, making it the world's last manually operated cable car system still in service.
旧金山的另一个标志性符号是有轨电车。该系统由安德鲁·哈利迪发明，1873 年开始运营，是世界上仍在运行的最后一套人工操作缆车系统。
The cars do not have engines. Instead, a gripman inside each car uses a lever to grip a constantly moving steel cable buried beneath the street; the cable runs at a steady speed of about 15 km/h.
这种车没有发动机。车厢里的操作员用操纵杆抓住街道下方不断运行的钢缆，钢缆以约 15 千米/小时的速度匀速移动。
Three lines remain: Powell-Hyde, Powell-Mason and California Street. In 1964 the system was designated a National Historic Landmark - the only mobile National Historic Landmark in the United States.
现存三条线路：鲍威尔—海德线、鲍威尔—梅森线和加利福尼亚街线。1964 年，该系统被列为国家历史地标，是美国唯一"会移动"的国家历史地标。
Tourists can board it to travel through the rolling streets and take in the city scenery along the way. For the best experience, board at Powell and Market, stand on the outside running board, and hold on tightly.
游客可以搭乘它穿行于起伏的街巷，沿途饱览城市风光。想要最好的体验，可以在鲍威尔街与市场街路口上车，站在外侧踏板上，抓紧扶手。
7. The Golden Gate Bridge | 金门大桥
Besides the hills and the cable cars, San Francisco has many attractions that stir the heart. The most striking of all is undoubtedly the Golden Gate Bridge, which spans the Golden Gate strait and connects the city with the far shore.
除了山丘和电车，旧金山还有许多令人心动的景点。最瞩目的无疑是金门大桥，它横跨金门海峡，连接旧金山城区与对岸。
Completed in 1937 under chief engineer Joseph Strauss, the bridge is one of the longest suspension bridges in the world. Its key figures are worth memorising.
大桥于 1937 年竣工，总工程师是约瑟夫·施特劳斯，是世界上最长的悬索桥之一。它的关键数据值得记住。
Total length 2,737 m | Main span 1,280 m | Tower height 227 m | Clearance above water 67 m
全长 2,737 米 | 主跨 1,280 米 | 桥塔高 227 米 | 桥下净空 67 米
When it opened, its 1,280-metre main span was the longest in the world, and it held that record until 1964. Its colour is a specially mixed "International Orange", chosen to stand out in the fog.
建成时，其 1,280 米的主跨为世界第一，这一纪录保持到 1964 年。它的颜色是专门调制的"国际橘"，为的是在多雾天气中依然醒目。
Standing on the bridge and gazing at the city and the bay, every visitor is struck by the magnificence of the view - an experience that is hard to forget.
站在桥上远眺市区与海湾，那份壮美让每位游客难以忘怀。
8. Beyond the Bridge: Other Must-See Sights | 桥之外的其他必看景点
Alcatraz Island, in the middle of the bay, was a federal prison from 1934 to 1963 and held inmates such as Al Capone. It is now a national historic landmark reached by ferry from Pier 33; tickets usually sell out, so book early.
海湾中央的恶魔岛在 1934 至 1963 年间是联邦监狱，关押过阿尔·卡彭等囚犯。如今它是国家历史地标，从 33 号码头乘渡轮前往；船票常常售罄，需提前预订。
Fisherman's Wharf and Pier 39 are the city's busiest leisure districts, famous for seafood stalls, street performers and the colony of sea lions that basks on the floating docks.
渔人码头和 39 号码头是全市最热闹的休闲区，以海鲜摊、街头艺人和懒洋洋晒太阳的海狮群闻名。
Chinatown, entered through the green Dragon Gate on Grant Avenue, is the oldest Chinatown in North America and one of the largest Chinese communities outside Asia, full of dim sum restaurants, herbal shops and temples.
穿过都板街上的绿色龙门进入唐人街，它是北美最古老的唐人街，也是亚洲之外最大的华人社区之一，满街是点心铺、药材店和庙宇。
Other highlights include the Painted Ladies at Alamo Square, the panoramic Twin Peaks viewpoint, the murals of the Mission District, the de Young Museum and SFMOMA, and the Palace of Fine Arts.
其他亮点还有阿拉莫广场的"彩绘女士"维多利亚式排屋、可俯瞰全景的双子峰观景点、米慎区的壁画、笛洋美术馆和旧金山现代艺术博物馆，以及艺术宫。
9. Culture, Arts and a Living Diversity | 文化、艺术与鲜活的多元融合
San Francisco is famous for cultural fusion and a vibrant art scene. Artists, writers and musicians from all over the world gather here, injecting a distinctive creative energy into the city.
旧金山以文化融合和生机勃勃的艺术生态闻名。来自世界各地的艺术家、作家和音乐家汇聚于此，为城市注入别样的艺术活力。
In the 1950s the Beat Generation made the city its home: City Lights Bookstore, the poet Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg all shaped a counterculture whose 1957 obscenity trial became a landmark for freedom of speech.
1950 年代，"垮掉的一代"把这里当作大本营：城市之光书店、诗人劳伦斯·费林盖蒂、杰克·凯鲁亚克和艾伦·金斯堡共同塑造了一种反主流文化，其 1957 年的淫秽出版物审判成为言论自由的标志性事件。
At the San Francisco Opera, the art museums and the cultural centres, you can enjoy world-class works of art, while the Symphony, the Ballet and SFJAZZ keep the performing arts scene alive all year round.
在旧金山歌剧院、艺术博物馆和文化中心，你可以欣赏到世界顶级的艺术作品；交响乐团、芭蕾舞团和 SFJAZZ 则让表演艺术全年不断。
The city has long welcomed immigration and is a global symbol of LGBTQ+ rights, centred on the Castro District; the 1967 "Summer of Love" in Haight-Ashbury and today's Pride parade both
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