📚 KS3 OCR Philosophy: Vocabulary and Terminology Memory Guide | KS3 OCR 哲学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering philosophy begins with the language of thought. This memory guide breaks down the essential vocabulary every KS3 OCR Philosophy student needs, from the structure of reasoning to the puzzles of existence. Each term is explained clearly, paired with its Chinese equivalent, and accompanied by simple memory hooks to lock the meaning in place.
掌握哲学始于思想的语言。这份速记指南梳理了每个 KS3 OCR 哲学学生都必须掌握的核心词汇，从推理的结构到存在的谜题。每个术语都有清晰的解释，配有中文对应词，并附有简单的记忆钩子，帮助你牢牢记住含义。
1. What is Philosophy? | 什么是哲学？
Philosophy literally means 'love of wisdom' (from Greek philo – love and sophia – wisdom). It is the activity of asking fundamental questions about reality, knowledge, existence and how we should live, using reason and argument rather than experiment or faith alone.
哲学字面意思是 '爱智慧'（源自希腊语 philo 爱和 sophia 智慧）。它是运用理性和论证，而非仅仅依靠实验或信仰，对实在、知识、存在以及我们应当如何生活等根本问题进行探究的活动。
A 'philosopher' is simply someone who engages in this rigorous thinking. Think of it as exercising your brain like a muscle: philosophy is the gym.
'哲学家' 就是进行这种严密思考的人。你可以把它想象成锻炼大脑肌肉：哲学就是健身房。
The subject is traditionally divided into branches such as epistemology (theory of knowledge), metaphysics (the study of reality), ethics (moral philosophy), logic (the rules of good reasoning) and aesthetics (the nature of beauty).
这门学科传统上分为若干分支：认识论（知识理论）、形而上学（研究实在）、伦理学（道德哲学）、逻辑学（良好推理的规则）和美学（美的本质）。
2. Arguments, Premises and Conclusions | 论证、前提与结论
An argument in philosophy is not a shouting match. It is a structured set of statements where one or more premises are offered as reasons to support a conclusion. Remember the formula: Premise(s) → Conclusion.
哲学中的 论证 不是争吵。它是一组结构化的陈述，其中一个或多个 前提 被用作理由来支持一个 结论。记住这个公式：前提 → 结论。
A premise is an opening claim that you assume to be true for the sake of the argument. The word shares the Latin root with 'premium' – think of it as the 'first reward' you offer your listener.
前提 是你为了论证而假设为真的开篇声明。这个词与 'premium' 有共同的拉丁词根，可以把它想象成你给听众的 '第一份礼物'。
The conclusion is the claim the argument is trying to prove. If premises are the stepping stones, the conclusion is the far bank you want to reach.
结论 是论证试图证明的主张。如果前提是垫脚石，结论就是你想到达的对岸。
A simple argument: Premise 1: All humans are mortal. Premise 2: Socrates is human. Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
一个简单的论证：前提一：所有人都会死。前提二：苏格拉底是人。结论：所以，苏格拉底会死。
3. Validity and Soundness | 有效性与可靠性
Validity describes the logical shape of an argument. An argument is valid if its conclusion follows logically from its premises. It is not about truth; it is about whether the conclusion must be true if the premises are true. Imagine a pipe: if water enters at one end, validity guarantees it will come out the other end.
有效性 描述论证的逻辑结构。如果一个论证的结论能从前提中逻辑地推出，它就是有效的。这不关乎事实真伪，而是关乎 如果 前提为真，结论是否必然为真。想象一根水管：如果水从一端进入，有效性确保它会从另一端流出。
Soundness is validity plus true premises. A sound argument is valid, and all its premises are actually true. Only a sound argument guarantees a true conclusion. Think of 'sound' as 'safe' – a sound house has a good structure and solid materials.
可靠性 是有效加上真实的前提。一个可靠的论证是有效的，且所有前提实际上都为真。只有可靠的论证才能保证结论为真。可以把 'sound' 想成 '稳妥'——一座稳固的房子既有好的结构 又 有结实的材料。
An example of a valid but unsound argument: All birds can fly. Penguins are birds. Therefore, penguins can fly. The logic works, but the first premise is false.
一个有效但不可靠的论证例子：所有鸟都会飞。企鹅是鸟。所以企鹅会飞。逻辑没问题，但第一个前提是假的。
4. Deduction and Induction | 演绎与归纳
Deduction aims for certainty. A deductive argument moves from general rules to specific cases, such that if the premises are true, the conclusion must be absolutely true. Think 'de-down' – narrowing from the universal to the particular.
演绎 追求确定性。演绎论证从一般规则推导到具体事例，只要前提为真，结论就绝对为真。可以记成 '演绎下推'——从普遍向下推到特殊。
Induction deals with probability. An inductive argument moves from specific observations to a general conclusion that is likely but not guaranteed. Science often uses induction. Hint: 'in' for 'increasing' – you go from small samples to a bigger pattern.
归纳 处理概率。归纳论证从具体观察出发，得出一个可能的但并非必然的一般结论。科学经常使用归纳。提示：'归' 有 '归纳汇聚' 之意——从小样本汇聚成更大规律。
Inductive example: Every swan I have seen is white; therefore, all swans are probably white. This turned out to be false when black swans were discovered in Australia. Induction never offers 100% certainty.
归纳示例：我见到的所有天鹅都是白的；因此，所有天鹅很可能都是白的。当在澳大利亚发现黑天鹅后，这个结论就被推翻了。归纳从来不给百分之百的确定性。
5. A Priori and A Posteriori Knowledge | 先验知识与后验知识
A priori an knowledge is justified independently of sense experience. You can work it out just by thinking. Mathematical truths (2 + 3 = 5) and logical tautologies ('All bachelors are unmarried') are a priori. Think 'prior to' experience.
先验 知识是不依赖于感官经验就能被证明的。你只需思考就能得出。数学真理（2 + 3 = 5）和逻辑同义反复（'所有单身汉都未婚'）是先验的。可以想成 '先于' 经验的。
A posteriori knowledge depends on sense experience or empirical evidence. You need to see, hear, taste, touch or measure it. 'The sky is blue' and 'water boils at 100 °C' are a posteriori. Think 'post' as 'after' experience.
后验 知识依赖于感官经验或实证证据。你需要看、听、尝、触摸或测量才能知道。'天空是蓝色的' 和 '水在 100 °C 沸腾' 是后验的。可以把 '后' 记成 '经验之后'。
A clever memory device: a priori starts with 'a' like 'armchair' – you can discover it sitting in an armchair, just thinking. A posteriori starts with 'a' but ends with 'i' like 'eye' – you need your eyes and senses.
一个巧妙的记忆法：先验的英文 a priori 开头是 'a'，像 'armchair'（扶手椅）——你坐在扶手椅上就能想出来。后验的 a posteriori 结尾有 'i'，像 'eye'（眼睛）——你需要用眼睛和感官。
6. Metaphysics: Reality and Appearance | 形而上学：实在与表象
Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that investigates the ultimate nature of reality. It asks questions like: What is there? What is it like? Is the world as it appears, or is there a deeper reality? The word means 'beyond physics' in Greek.
形而上学 是哲学分支，研究实在的终极本质。它提出的问题如：存在什么？它是什么样的？世界如其所显现的那样，还是有更深层的实在？这个词在希腊语中意为 '物理学之后'。
Appearance refers to the way things seem to us through our senses, while reality is how things actually are. Plato's famous Allegory of the Cave illustrates this: prisoners see only shadows on a wall (appearance) and mistake them for the real objects (reality).
表象 指事物通过我们的感官所呈现的样子，而 实在 是事物本身所是的样子。柏拉图著名的洞穴寓言说明了这点：囚徒只看到洞壁上的影子（表象），却误以为它们就是真实物体（实在）。
Dualism (in metaphysics) is the view that there are two fundamentally distinct kinds of substance: mind and matter. Materialism argues that only physical matter exists and everything, including consciousness, can be explained by material interactions.
二元论（在形而上学中）认为存在两种根本不同的实体：心灵与物质。唯物主义 主张只存在物理物质，一切包括意识都可以用物质相互作用来解释。
7. The Mind–Body Problem | 心身问题
The mind–body problem asks: what is the relationship between our mental states (thoughts, feelings) and our physical brain and body? It is a core puzzle in the philosophy of mind.
心身问题 探究：我们的心理状态（思想、感受）与物理大脑和身体之间是怎样的关系？这是心灵哲学的核心谜题。
Substance dualism, defended by René Descartes, claims that the mind is a non-physical thinking substance that can exist independently of the body. Descartes' famous line 'I think, therefore I am' was meant to prove the mind's distinct existence.
实体二元论，由勒内·笛卡尔辩护，主张心灵是一种非物质的思维实体，能独立于身体存在。笛卡尔的名言 '我思故我在' 意在证明心灵的独特存在。
Physicalism (or materialism) believes the mind is not separate but entirely physical. Thoughts are brain processes. A helpful analogy: the mind is to the brain as a cloud is to water droplets – not two separate things, but one arrangement of matter.
物理主义（或唯物主义）认为心灵不是分开的，而完全是物理的。思维就是大脑过程。一个有用的类比：心灵之于大脑，犹如云朵之于水滴——不是两个分开的东西，而是同一种物质的特定排列。
To remember dualism, think 'duo' – two things. For physicalism, think 'physical body' – everything collapses to the physical.
要记住二元论，想到 '双' ——两个东西。对于物理主义，想到 '物理身体'——一切都归结为物理的。
8. Free Will and Determinism | 自由意志与决定论
Free will is the power of agents to make choices that are genuinely open and for which they are morally responsible. It feels like we are the authors of our actions.
自由意志 是能动者做出真正开放选择的能力，并因此承担道德责任。我们觉得自己是行动的作者。
Determinism is the thesis that every event, including human decisions, is the inevitable result of prior causes and the laws of nature. If determinism is true, your 'choice' was already fixed billions of years ago.
决定论 主张每个事件，包括人的决定，都是先前原因和自然规律不可避免的结果。如果决定论为真，你的 '选择' 在数十亿年前就已经注定。
Compatibilism tries to reconcile the two: free will can exist even in a deterministic world as long as you act according to your own desires and are not forced or constrained. Incompatibilism says they cannot both be true – you must pick one.
相容论 试图调和二者：即便在决定论的世界里，自由意志仍能存在，只要你根据自己的欲望行动并且没有受到强迫或约束。不相容论 则认为两者不能同时为真——你必须选择其一。
Memory hook: 'compatible' means they can live together; 'incompatible' means clash. Think of two roommates – compatibilism says free will and determinism can share a room.
记忆钩子：'相容的' 意味着它们能共存；'不相容的' 意味冲突。把两者想象成室友——相容论说自由意志和决定论可以同住一个房间。
9. Key Terms in Ethics | 伦理学关键术语
Ethics (or moral philosophy) explores how we ought to live. Morality usually refers to a set of rules or norms that a culture accepts, while ethics is the philosophical study of those rules.
伦理学（或道德哲学）探究我们应当如何生活。道德 通常指一个文化所接受的一套规则或规范，而伦理学是对这些规则的哲学研究。
Utilitarianism is the ethical theory that an action is right if it promotes the greatest happiness for the greatest number. You can recall it by 'utility' meaning usefulness in creating happiness.
功利主义 是一种伦理学理论，认为一个行动如果能促进最大多数人的最大幸福，就是正确的。你可以用 '功利' 指创造幸福的有用性来记住它。
Kantian ethics (deontology) argues that morality is based on duty and universal rules, not on consequences. Immanuel Kant's famous principle is the Categorical Imperative: act only according to that maxim which you could at the same time will that it should become a universal law.
康德伦理学（道义论）主张道德基于义务和普遍规则，而非后果。康德著名的原则是 绝对命令：只按照你同时能够愿意它成为一条普遍法则的准则去行动。
Virtue ethics, inspired by Aristotle, focuses on character rather than rules or results. A virtuous person develops qualities like courage, honesty and compassion. The word 'virtue' comes from the Latin 'virtus' meaning excellence.
德性伦理学，受亚里士多德启发，关注品格而非规则或结果。一个有德性的人会培养勇气、诚实和同情等品质。'德性' 一词源于拉丁语 'virtus'，意为卓越。
10. Philosophy of Religion: God, Faith and Reason | 宗教哲学：上帝、信仰与理性
Theism is belief in a God or gods, typically one who is personal and active in the world. Atheism is the absence of belief in any deity. Agnosticism is the view that we cannot know whether God exists or not – the evidence is insufficient. Remember: 'a-' as a prefix often means 'without', so a-theism is without God.
有神论 是相信神或诸神的存在，通常是一位人格化的、在世界上活动的神。无神论 是没有任何神灵信仰。不可知论 认为我们无法知道神是否存在——证据不足。记住：前缀 'a-' 常表示 '没有'，所以 a-theism 就是没有神。
The Ontological Argument attempts to prove God's existence from the very concept of a perfect being. Anselm defined God as 'that than which nothing greater can be conceived' and argued that such a being must exist in reality because existing in reality is greater than existing only in the mind.
本体论论证 试图从完美存在的概念本身证明上帝存在。安瑟尔谟将上帝定义为 '那个无法设想有比之更伟大的存在者'，并论证这样一个存在者必然在现实中存在，因为存在于现实中比仅仅存在于心中更伟大。
The Teleological Argument (or design argument) observes order and purpose in the world and infers an intelligent designer. William Paley's watchmaker analogy: if you find a watch, you infer a watchmaker; the universe shows far more complexity, so there must be a divine designer.
目的论论证（或设计论证）观察到世界的秩序和目的，从而推断出智慧的设计师。威廉·佩利的钟表匠类比：如果你发现一块手表，你会推断有钟表匠；宇宙显示出更复杂的秩序，所以必然有一位神圣的设计师。
The Problem of Evil challenges the existence of a loving, all-powerful God. It asks: if God is all-good, He would want to prevent evil; if He is all-powerful, He could prevent evil. Yet evil exists. This is sometimes called the inconsistent triad.
恶的问题 挑战了慈悲、全能的上帝的存在。它问道：如果上帝是全善的，祂会想要消除恶；如果祂是全能的，祂能够消除恶。但恶依然存在。这有时被称为不一致三元组。
Published by TutorHao | Philosophy Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图