📚 KS3 OCR Sociology: Glossary & Key Terms Quick Revision Guide | KS3 OCR 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential glossary for KS3 OCR Sociology. This guide brings together the key terms and concepts you will meet as you explore how society is organised and how people interact within different social structures. Use this resource to build your vocabulary, deepen your understanding and prepare confidently for assessments.
欢迎使用本 KS3 OCR 社会学核心术语指南。它汇集了你在探索社会如何组织、人们在不同的社会结构中如何互动时将会遇到的重要术语与概念。借助本资源积累专业词汇、加深理解，为测评做好充分准备。
1. Core Sociological Concepts | 社会学核心概念
Society refers to a large group of people who share a common geographical territory, participate in a shared culture and are governed by the same political authority.
社会是指共享特定地理区域、参与共同文化并受同一政治权威管辖的一大群人。
Culture is the whole way of life of a group of people, including their language, beliefs, customs, traditions, dress and food.
文化是一个群体完整的生活方式，包括他们的语言、信仰、习俗、传统、衣着和饮食。
Social structure describes the organised pattern of relationships and institutions that make up society, such as the family, education system and government.
社会结构描述构成社会的各种关系与制度的组织化模式，例如家庭、教育体系与政府等。
Socialisation is the lifelong process through which individuals learn the norms, values and behaviours expected in their society.
社会化是个体学习其社会所期望的规范、价值观与行为的终身过程。
Identity is how individuals see themselves and how others see them, shaped by factors such as gender, ethnicity, class and personal experiences.
身份是个体如何看待自己以及他人如何看待自己，受到性别、种族、阶级和个人经历等因素的塑造。
2. Culture, Norms and Values | 文化、规范与价值观
Norms are the unwritten rules of behaviour that are considered acceptable in a particular society or group.
规范是在特定社会或群体中被认为可接受的、不成文的行为准则。
Values are the beliefs and principles that a society or group considers important and worthy, such as honesty, respect or equality.
价值观是社会或群体认为重要且值得坚守的信念与原则，例如诚实、尊重或平等。
Subculture is a smaller cultural group within a larger culture that has its own distinctive norms, values and practices, while still sharing many features of the mainstream culture.
亚文化是存在于更大文化中的小型文化群体，拥有自身独特的规范、价值观和实践，同时仍与主流文化有许多共同特征。
Cultural diversity describes the existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society, each bringing different traditions and perspectives.
文化多样性描述一个社会中存在多样的文化或族群，各自带来不同的传统与视角。
Multiculturalism is a policy or belief that celebrates cultural diversity and encourages different groups to maintain their cultural traditions within a shared society.
多元文化主义是一种推崇文化多样性的政策或信念，鼓励不同群体在共同社会中保持各自的文化传统。
3. Roles, Status and Identity | 角色、地位与身份
Role is the expected pattern of behaviour attached to a particular social position, such as a parent, teacher or student.
角色是附着于某一特定社会位置的预期行为模式，例如家长、教师或学生。
Status refers to the social position a person holds within a group or society, which can be either ascribed (given at birth, like royalty) or achieved (earned through effort, like a doctor).
地位是指个人在群体或社会中所占有的社会位置，可分为先赋地位（出生即获得，如王室成员）和自我地位（通过努力赢得，如医生）。
Ascribed status is fixed by birth or inheritance and is not chosen or earned, such as age, gender or ethnic background.
先赋地位由出生或继承决定，无法选择或挣得，如年龄、性别或种族背景。
Achieved status is a social position a person gains through their own actions, skills and efforts, such as a promotion or academic qualification.
自我地位是个人通过自身行动、技能与努力获得的社会位置，例如晋升或学历。
Role conflict occurs when a person faces incompatible demands from two or more roles they hold at the same time, such as being a student and a part-time worker.
角色冲突发生于个体同时承担的两个或多个角色提出互不相容的要求时，例如同时身为学生和兼职工作者。
4. Primary and Secondary Socialisation | 初级社会化与次级社会化
Primary socialisation takes place in the early years of life, mainly within the family. Children learn basic norms, values, language and emotional bonds from parents and carers.
初级社会化发生在生命早期，主要在家庭内部进行。儿童从父母和照顾者那里学习基本的规范、价值观、语言和情感纽带。
Secondary socialisation continues throughout life and involves learning how to behave in wider society. It is carried out by agents such as schools, peer groups, the media and workplaces.
次级社会化贯穿一生，涉及学习如何在更广泛的社会中行事。它由学校、同辈群体、媒体和职场等媒介进行。
Agents of socialisation are the individuals, groups and institutions that pass on cultural norms and values, including family, education, religion, media and peer groups.
社会化媒介是传递文化规范与价值观的个人、群体与制度，包括家庭、教育、宗教、媒体和同辈群体。
Resocialisation is the process of unlearning old norms and learning new ones when entering a new social setting, such as joining the army or starting a strict boarding school.
再社会化是在进入新社会环境时，抛弃旧有规范、学习新规范的过程，例如参军或进入纪律严明的寄宿学校。
Hidden curriculum refers to the informal, often unintended lessons about values, attitudes and behaviour that are taught in schools alongside the formal curriculum.
隐性课程是指学校在正式课程之外传递的关于价值观、态度和行为的非正式、常常意想不到的教训。
5. Agents of Socialisation in Detail | 社会化媒介详解
The family is usually the first and most influential agent of socialisation. It shapes early language, emotional development and basic ideas about right and wrong.
家庭通常是第一个也是最有影响力的社会化媒介。它塑造早期语言、情感发展以及关于对错的基本观念。
Peer groups are made up of individuals of similar age and status. They strongly influence tastes, fashion, slang and behaviour during adolescence.
同辈群体由年龄与地位相近的个体组成。他们在青春期强烈影响品味、时尚、俚语和行为。
The education system transmits knowledge and skills but also teaches obedience, punctuality, cooperation and respect for authority, preparing young people for the world of work.
教育体系传递知识和技能，同时也教导服从、守时、合作与尊重权威，为年轻人进入职场做好准备。
The mass media (including television, social media, newspapers) provide cultural information, shape public opinion and offer role models that can influence norms and aspirations.
大众媒体（包括电视、社交媒体、报纸）提供文化信息、塑造舆论并提供可能影响规范与抱负的榜样。
Religion and the workplace also function as agents of socialisation later in life, reinforcing moral codes, discipline, teamwork and organisational norms.
宗教与职场在人生后期也作为社会化媒介，强化道德准则、纪律、团队合作与组织规范。
6. Social Stratification and Social Class | 社会分层与社会阶级
Social stratification is the way society is organised into different layers or strata based on factors such as wealth, income, occupation and social status.
社会分层是指社会基于财富、收入、职业和社会地位等因素被组织为不同层级的方式。
Social class is a form of stratification where groups share similar economic positions, lifestyles and opportunities, often divided into upper class, middle class and working class.
社会阶级是一种分层形式，群体享有相似的经济地位、生活方式与机会，常分为上层阶级、中产阶级和工人阶级。
Life chances refer to an individual's opportunities to achieve things that are valued in society, such as good health, education and stable employment, which are influenced by their social class.
生活机会指个人获得社会中受重视事物的机会，如良好的健康、教育和稳定就业，这些受其社会阶级影响。
Social mobility is the movement of individuals or groups up or down the social hierarchy. It may be intergenerational (between generations) or intragenerational (within a person's lifetime).
社会流动是指个人或群体在社会等级中向上或向下的移动，可分为代际流动（跨代）和代内流动（个人一生内）。
Underclass is a term sometimes used to describe a group at the very bottom of the class system who face persistent poverty and limited access to mainstream society.
底层阶级一词有时用来描述阶级体系最底端的群体，他们面临持续的贫困且难以融入主流社会。
7. Gender and Ethnicity | 性别与种族
Gender refers to the social and cultural expectations attached to being male or female, distinct from biological sex. It includes ideas about masculinity and femininity.
性别指社会和文化对男性和女性的期望，有别于生理性别，包括关于阳刚气质与阴柔气质的观念。
Gender roles are the patterns of behaviour, tasks and responsibilities that society considers appropriate for men and women.
性别角色是社会认为适合男性和女性的行为模式、任务与责任。
Ethnicity describes a shared cultural identity based on common language, history, ancestry, religion and traditions.
种族描述一种基于共同语言、历史、祖先、宗教和传统的共享文化身份。
Prejudice is a preconceived, often negative judgment about an individual or group based on stereotypes rather than actual knowledge.
偏见是基于刻板印象而非实际了解对个人或群体做出的先入为主的、通常为负面的判断。
Discrimination is the action or behaviour that treats people unfairly because of their membership in a particular group, often based on ethnicity, gender, age or disability.
歧视是因某人属于特定群体（常基于种族、性别、年龄或残疾）而以不公平方式对待他们的行动或行为。
8. Family and Household Diversity | 家庭与住户多样性
Family is a group of people related by blood, marriage, adoption or mutual commitment who typically share a home and provide emotional and economic support.
家庭是由血缘、婚姻、收养或相互承诺联系起来的一群人，通常共享住所并提供情感与经济支持。
Household refers to one person living alone or a group of people living at the same address, who may or may not be related as a family.
住户指单独居住的个人或居住在同一地址的一群人，他们之间不一定是家庭关系。
Nuclear family consists of two parents and their children living together as a single unit, often seen as the traditional family form.
核心家庭由双亲及其子女共同生活构成，常被视为传统家庭形式。
Extended family includes additional relatives beyond the nuclear family, such as grandparents, aunts and cousins, often living together or in very close contact.
大家庭在核心家庭之外还包括其他亲属，如祖父母、叔伯姑姨和表亲等，通常同住或联系极为密切。
Lone-parent family is headed by one parent raising children on their own, which may result from divorce, separation, death of a partner or choice.
单亲家庭由一位家长独立抚养子女，可能源于离婚、分居、伴侣去世或个人选择。
Reconstituted family (or blended family) is formed when two adults enter a new relationship and one or both bring children from previous relationships.
重组家庭（混合家庭）由两位成年人建立新关系，其中一方或双方带来前段关系中的孩子而形成。
9. Education and Society | 教育与社会
Formal education is the structured and deliberate learning that takes place in schools, colleges and universities, following a set curriculum.
正式教育是在学校、学院和大学中进行的结构化、有目的的学习，遵循既定课程大纲。
Informal education happens outside formal institutions through everyday life, family conversations, media consumption and peer group interactions.
非正式教育发生在正式机构之外，通过日常生活、家庭谈话、媒体接触和同辈互动获得。
Meritocracy is a system in which individuals achieve success based on their own efforts, talents and abilities, rather than on their background or privilege.
贤能主义是一种个人依据自身努力、才华和能力而非背景或特权获得成功的制度。
Labelling in education refers to the process of attaching a description or category to a student, such as 'clever' or 'troublesome', which can influence their self-image and achievement.
教育中的贴标签指将某种描述或类别贴在学生身上的过程，例如“聪明”或“麻烦”，这可能影响其自我形象与成绩。
Social control refers to the methods used by society to regulate individual and group behaviour, including formal controls like school rules and laws, and informal controls like peer pressure.
社会控制指社会用于规范个人与群体行为的方法，包括校规和法律等正式控制，以及同辈压力等非正式控制。
10. Sociological Research Methods: Key Terms | 社会学研究方法关键术语
Primary data is information collected directly by the researcher for a specific purpose, through methods such as questionnaires, interviews or observations.
一手数据是研究者为特定目的直接收集的信息，采用问卷、访谈或观察等方法。
Secondary data is information that already exists and has been collected by someone else, such as official statistics, historical documents or previous studies.
二手数据是已经存在且由他人收集的信息，如官方统计数据、历史文献或过往研究。
Quantitative data is numerical information that can be counted or measured, often presented in charts and statistics, and used to identify patterns and trends.
定量数据是可计数或测量的数值信息，常用图表与统计数据呈现，用于识别模式与趋势。
Qualitative data is descriptive, non-numerical information that explores feelings, opinions and meanings, often gathered through in-depth interviews or open-ended questions.
定性数据是描述性、非数值的信息，探究感受、观点和意义，通常通过深度访谈或开放式问题收集。
Questionnaire is a set of written questions used to collect data from a large number of respondents, often featuring closed questions for easy analysis.
问卷是一套用于从大量受访者那里收集数据的书面问题，通常采用封闭式问题以便于分析。
Ethics in research refers to the moral principles that guide how research should be conducted, including confidentiality, informed consent and avoiding harm to participants.
研究伦理指指导研究应如何进行的道德原则，包括保密、知情同意及避免对参与者造成伤害。
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