📚 KS3 OCR Computing: Essential Vocabulary and Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | KS3 OCR 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of computing is the first step towards thinking like a computer scientist. This guide breaks down the essential KS3 OCR Computing terms into thematic groups, pairing each concept with a clear, contextual explanation to make memorisation feel less like a chore and more like unlocking the secrets behind the screen.
掌握计算机的语言是像计算机科学家一样思考的第一步。本指南将 KS3 OCR 计算机课程的核心术语按主题分组，为每个概念配上清晰、有语境的解释，让记忆不再是枯燥的任务，而更像是揭开屏幕背后秘密的钥匙。
1. The Digital World Foundations | 数字世界基础
A computer is a programmable electronic device that takes in data, processes it according to a set of instructions, and outputs the result. Without these fundamental concepts, understanding anything more complex is impossible.
计算机是一种可编程的电子设备，它接收数据，按照一组指令处理数据，并输出结果。没有这些基础概念，理解任何更复杂的内容都是不可能的。
Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system you can physically touch, such as the CPU, monitor, keyboard, and internal circuitry.
硬件（Hardware）指计算机系统中你可以实际触摸到的物理组件，如 CPU、显示器、键盘和内部电路。
Software is the collection of programs and data that tells the hardware what to do. It is the intangible set of instructions that brings the machine to life.
软件（Software）是告诉硬件该做什么的程序和数据的集合。它是让机器活起来的无形指令集。
2. Input, Process, Output | 输入、处理、输出
The Input-Process-Output (IPO) model is the fundamental workflow of any computing system. Data enters the system, is manipulated, and meaningful information emerges.
输入-处理-输出（IPO）模型是任何计算系统的基本工作流程。数据进入系统，经过处理，然后输出有意义的信息。
An input device is any peripheral that sends data to the computer. Examples include a keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, microphone, or sensor.
输入设备（Input Device）是任何向计算机发送数据的外围设备。例如键盘、鼠标、触摸屏、麦克风或传感器。
An output device is any peripheral that receives data from the computer and presents it to the user. Monitors, speakers, and printers are classic output devices.
输出设备（Output Device）是任何从计算机接收数据并将其呈现给用户的外围设备。显示器、扬声器和打印机是经典的输出设备。
3. Inside the Machine: CPU and Memory | 机器内部：CPU 与内存
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is often called the 'brain' of the computer. It executes instructions using a cycle known as Fetch, Decode, Execute.
中央处理器（CPU）通常被称为计算机的“大脑”。它使用一个称为“取指、解码、执行”的周期来执行指令。
Random Access Memory (RAM) is volatile, primary storage that holds the data and instructions currently being used by the CPU. Its contents are lost when the power is switched off.
随机存取存储器（RAM）是一种易失性的主存储器，保存 CPU 当前正在使用的数据和指令。断电后其内容会丢失。
Read Only Memory (ROM) is non-volatile memory that stores the essential instructions required to boot up the computer, known as the BIOS or firmware. It retains data without power.
只读存储器（ROM）是一种非易失性存储器，存储启动计算机所需的基本指令，即 BIOS 或固件。它在没有电源的情况下也能保留数据。
4. Bits, Bytes, and Storage | 位、字节与存储器
A bit (binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in computing, represented as either a 0 or a 1. It is the foundation of all binary code.
位（Bit，二进制位）是计算中最小的数据单位，表示为 0 或 1。它是所有二进制代码的基础。
A byte consists of 8 bits. It is a standard unit for measuring data size and representing a single character like 'A' or '9'.
字节（Byte）由 8 位组成。它是衡量数据大小和表示单个字符（如 'A' 或 '9'）的标准单位。
Secondary storage is non-volatile, long-term storage for programs and files. Common types include magnetic hard disk drives (HDD), solid-state drives (SSD), and optical media.
辅助存储器（Secondary Storage）是用于程序和文件的非易失性长期存储。常见类型包括磁性硬盘驱动器（HDD）、固态硬盘（SSD）和光学介质。
5. Software Categories: System vs Application | 软件分类：系统与应用
System software manages and controls the computer hardware so that application software can perform tasks. Operating systems, utility programs, and drivers are all system software.
系统软件（System Software）管理和控制计算机硬件，以便应用软件可以执行任务。操作系统、实用程序和驱动程序都是系统软件。
Application software is designed to help the user perform specific productive tasks, such as creating a document, editing a photo, or browsing the web.
应用软件（Application Software）旨在帮助用户执行特定的生产性任务，例如创建文档、编辑照片或浏览网页。
An Operating System (OS) is the most critical system software. It provides a user interface, manages files and memory, and handles multitasking and peripheral communication.
操作系统（Operating System，OS）是最关键的系统软件。它提供用户界面，管理文件和内存，并处理多任务和外设通信。
6. Networks and Connectivity | 网络与连接
A network is two or more computers linked together to share resources, such as files, printers, or an internet connection. Networks can be wired or wireless.
网络（Network）是两台或多台连接在一起以共享资源（如文件、打印机或互联网连接）的计算机。网络可以是有线的或无线的。
Local Area Network (LAN) refers to a network covering a small geographical area, like a single building or school campus. It is typically fast and privately owned.
局域网（LAN）指覆盖较小地理区域（如单栋建筑或学校校园）的网络。它通常速度快且为私人拥有。
The internet is a global network of networks, connecting millions of computers worldwide using standard protocols like TCP/IP.
互联网（Internet）是一个网络的网络，使用 TCP/IP 等标准协议将全球数百万台计算机连接在一起。
7. Binary Representation and Data Units | 二进制表示与数据单位
Binary is a base-2 number system using only the digits 0 and 1. Computers use binary because transistors have two reliable states: on or off.
二进制（Binary）是一种仅使用数字 0 和 1 的基数为 2 的数字系统。计算机使用二进制，因为晶体管只有两种可靠状态：开或关。
When measuring data size, a kilobyte (KB) is typically 1024 bytes, a megabyte (MB) is about one million bytes, and a gigabyte (GB) is about one billion bytes.
衡量数据大小时，千字节（KB）通常为 1024 字节，兆字节（MB）约为一百万字节，千兆字节（GB）约为十亿字节。
Pixel is short for picture element. It is the smallest addressable point in a digital image, represented by a binary number for its colour value.
像素（Pixel）是图像元素的简称。它是数字图像中最小的可寻址点，用二进制数表示其颜色值。
8. Algorithms and Computational Thinking | 算法与计算思维
An algorithm is a precise, step-by-step set of instructions designed to solve a specific problem or perform a computation. It must be unambiguous and finite.
算法（Algorithm）是一组精确的、逐步的指令，旨在解决特定问题或执行计算。它必须明确无误且有限。
Computational thinking involves breaking down complex problems into smaller parts (decomposition), spotting patterns, and abstracting irrelevant details to focus on the essential system.
计算思维（Computational Thinking）涉及将复杂问题分解为更小的部分（分解），识别模式，以及抽象掉无关细节以专注于核心系统。
Pseudocode is a plain-language description of an algorithm using structured conventions, making it readable by humans before it is written in a specific programming language syntax.
伪代码（Pseudocode）是使用结构化约定对算法的通俗语言描述，使其在用特定编程语言语法编写之前具有可读性。
9. Programming Essentials: Sequence, Selection, Iteration | 编程基础：顺序、选择、迭代
Sequence is the simplest programming structure where instructions are executed one after another, in the exact order they appear.
顺序（Sequence）是最简单的编程结构，指令按照它们出现的精确顺序逐条执行。
Selection allows a program to make a decision and take different paths based on a condition. This is typically implemented using IF...THEN...ELSE statements.
选择（Selection）允许程序根据条件做出决定并采取不同的路径。这通常使用 IF...THEN...ELSE 语句来实现。
Iteration is the repetition of a block of code. A loop, such as a FOR or WHILE loop, is used to perform iteration until a specific condition is met.
迭代（Iteration）是代码块的重复执行。循环（如 FOR 或 WHILE 循环）用于执行迭代，直到满足特定条件为止。
10. Data Types and Variables | 数据类型与变量
A variable is a named memory location in a program that stores a value, which can be changed while the program is running. It acts like a labelled box for data.
变量（Variable）是程序中一个有名称的内存位置，存储一个值，该值可以在程序运行时更改。它就像一个贴有标签的数据盒子。
Common data types include integer (whole numbers), float/real (decimal numbers), string (text), Boolean (true or false values), and character (a single symbol).
常见的数据类型包括整型（Integer，整数）、浮点型/实型（Float/Real，小数）、字符串（String，文本）、布尔型（Boolean，真或假值）和字符型（Character，单个符号）。
Assignment is the process of giving a value to a variable. In many languages, this is indicated with an equals sign, e.g., score = 0.
赋值（Assignment）是将值赋予变量的过程。在许多语言中，这用等号表示，例如 score = 0。
11. Keeping Safe: Cyber Security Threats | 保持安全：网络安全威胁
Malware is short for malicious software, which is any program designed to cause harm to a computer system, steal data, or disrupt normal operations. Viruses and worms are types of malware.
恶意软件（Malware）是恶意软件的简称，指任何旨在对计算机系统造成损害、窃取数据或破坏正常操作的程序。病毒和蠕虫都是恶意软件的类型。
Phishing is a social engineering attack where criminals send fraudulent emails or messages pretending to be from reputable sources to trick recipients into revealing passwords or financial details.
网络钓鱼（Phishing）是一种社会工程学攻击，犯罪分子发送冒充来自信誉良好来源的欺诈性电子邮件或消息，诱骗收件人泄露密码或财务细节。
Encryption is the process of scrambling readable data (plaintext) into an unreadable format (ciphertext) using a key, so only someone with the correct key can decrypt it.
加密（Encryption）是使用密钥将可读数据（明文）打乱成不可读格式（密文）的过程，因此只有拥有正确密钥的人才能解密它。
12. The Legal Framework: Data Protection and Copyright | 法律框架：数据保护与版权
The Data Protection Act sets out rules for how personal information must be handled. It requires data to be used fairly, kept secure, and only held for as long as necessary.
《数据保护法》（Data Protection Act）规定了必须如何处理个人信息的规则。它要求数据被公平使用、安全保存，并且只在必要时保留。
Copyright is a legal right that protects the original work of creators (like software, music, and books). It prevents others from copying or distributing the work without permission.
版权（Copyright）是一种法律权利，保护创作者（如软件、音乐和书籍）的原创作品。它防止他人在未经许可的情况下复制或分发作品。
Plagiarism is the act of presenting someone else's work or ideas as your own without proper acknowledgment. In computing, this often refers to copying code or digital content.
抄袭（Plagiarism）是在没有适当注明的情况下将他人的作品或想法当作自己的来展示的行为。在计算领域，这通常指复制代码或数字内容。
Published by TutorHao | Computing Revision Series | aleveler.com
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