📚 KS3 AQA Engineering: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Study Guide | KS3 AQA 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of engineering is the first step towards becoming a confident designer and problem-solver. This quick-study guide covers the essential vocabulary you need for the KS3 AQA Engineering curriculum, organised into themed sections for easy memorisation. Use it to test yourself, create flashcards, and boost your exam performance.
掌握工程语言是成为自信的设计者和问题解决者的第一步。本速记指南涵盖了 KS3 AQA 工程课程所需的关键词汇，并按主题分节，便于记忆。你可以用它来自测、制作抽认卡并提升考试成绩。
1. Core Engineering Materials | 核心工程材料
Hardwood: Timber obtained from deciduous trees such as oak, beech, and mahogany. Hardwoods generally have a dense grain structure and are often used for furniture, flooring, and high-quality joinery because of their durability and attractive appearance.
硬木：从橡树、山毛榉和桃花心木等落叶树中获得的木材。硬木通常具有致密的纹理，因其耐用性和美观的外表而常用于家具、地板和细木工制品。
Softwood: Timber sourced from coniferous trees such as pine, spruce, and cedar. Softwoods tend to grow faster, are lighter in weight, and are widely used in construction, paper production, and general carpentry.
软木：取自松树、云杉和雪松等针叶树的木材。软木生长速度较快，重量较轻，广泛用于建筑、造纸和一般木工。
Ferrous metal: A metal whose main constituent is iron. Carbon steel and cast iron are common examples. Most ferrous metals are magnetic and prone to rusting unless protected by paint, oil, or a coating.
黑色金属：以铁为主要成分的金属。碳钢和铸铁是常见的例子。大多数黑色金属具有磁性，若不进行油漆、涂油或镀层保护会生锈。
Non-ferrous metal: A metal that does not contain iron as its primary element. Examples include aluminium, copper, zinc, and brass. These metals do not rust and are often more resistant to corrosion, making them ideal for plumbing, roofing, and electrical wiring.
有色金属：不以铁为主要元素的金属。例如铝、铜、锌和黄铜。这些金属不生锈，通常更耐腐蚀，因此适用于管道、屋面和电线。
Alloy: A mixture of two or more elements where at least one is a metal. Alloys are engineered to improve properties such as strength, hardness, or corrosion resistance. Stainless steel (iron, chromium, nickel) and bronze (copper, tin) are widely used alloys.
合金：由两种或两种以上元素（其中至少一种是金属）混合而成。合金经设计可提高强度、硬度或耐腐蚀等性能。不锈钢（铁、铬、镍）和青铜（铜、锡）是广泛使用的合金。
Thermoplastic: A polymer that softens when heated and hardens again upon cooling. This process can be repeated multiple times without significant chemical change, making thermoplastics recyclable. Common examples are polythene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and acrylic.
热塑性塑料：加热时软化、冷却后重新变硬的聚合物。此过程可多次重复而不发生显著的化学变化，因此热塑性塑料可回收。常见例子有聚乙烯、聚氯乙烯和亚克力。
Thermosetting plastic: A polymer that undergoes a permanent chemical change when heated and moulded the first time. Once set, it cannot be re-softened by heating. Epoxy resin and melamine are typical thermosets, prized for their heat resistance and structural strength.
热固性塑料：首次加热成型时发生永久化学变化的聚合物。一旦固化，再次加热无法使其软化。环氧树脂和三聚氰胺是典型的热固性塑料，因其耐热性和结构强度而受到重视。
Composite material: A combination of two or more distinct materials to produce a new substance with enhanced properties. Fibreglass (glass fibres in a polymer matrix) and carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic are examples. Composites allow engineers to achieve high strength-to-weight ratios.
复合材料：由两种或两种以上不同材料组合而成，以产生性能增强的新物质。玻璃纤维（聚合物基体中的玻璃纤维）和碳纤维增强塑料就是例子。复合材料让工程师能实现高的强度重量比。
2. Mechanical Properties | 机械性能
Strength: The ability of a material to withstand an applied force without failing. Strength can be categorised into tensile, compressive, and shear types depending on the direction of the load.
强度：材料承受外加力而不失效的能力。强度根据载荷方向可分为抗拉强度、抗压强度和抗剪强度等。
Tensile strength: The maximum stress a material can endure while being pulled or stretched before breaking. Engineers use tensile tests to determine this value, which is critical for cables, ropes, and structural beams.
抗拉强度：材料在被拉或拉伸至断裂前所能承受的最大应力。工程师利用拉伸试验测定该值，这对于缆绳、绳子和结构梁至关重要。
Compressive strength: The capacity of a material to withstand loads that try to reduce its size by squeezing. Concrete and stone have high compressive strength but relatively low tensile strength.
抗压强度：材料承受试图通过挤压来缩小其尺寸的载荷的能力。混凝土和石材具有较高的抗压强度，但抗拉强度相对较低。
Hardness: A measure of a material's resistance to indentation or scratching. The Mohs scale and Brinell test are common methods. Hard materials such as tool steel and ceramic are used for cutting edges and wear-resistant parts.
硬度：衡量材料抵抗压痕或划痕的能力。莫氏硬度和布氏硬度是常用测试方法。工具钢和陶瓷等硬质材料用于切削刃和耐磨零件。
Toughness: The ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. Tough materials, like polycarbonate and many metals, can withstand impact loads that would shatter a brittle material.
韧性：材料吸收能量并发生塑性变形而不断裂的能力。诸如聚碳酸酯和许多金属等韧性材料能承受原本会击碎脆性材料的冲击载荷。
Ductility: The degree to which a material can be stretched into a thin wire or drawn out without breaking. Copper, for instance, is highly ductile and is used extensively for electrical cables.
延展性：材料能被拉伸成细丝或拉拔而不断裂的程度。例如铜具有很高的延展性，被广泛用于电缆。
Malleability: The ability of a material to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets without cracking. Gold leaf is an extreme example; aluminium and lead are also malleable enough for shaping into foils and sheets.
展性（可锻性）：材料被锤打或轧制成薄板而不开裂的能力。金箔是一个极端的例子；铝和铅也具有足够的展性，可加工成箔和薄板。
Elasticity: The property that allows a material to return to its original shape after the deforming force is removed. Rubber bands and spring steel exhibit high elasticity within their elastic limits, as described by Hooke's Law.
弹性：材料在变形力移除后恢复其原始形状的性质。橡皮筋和弹簧钢在其弹性极限内表现出高弹性，这一特性由胡克定律描述。
Plasticity: The ability of a material to undergo permanent deformation without breaking when a force is applied. Clay, heated thermoplastics, and metals in forging display plasticity, which is essential for moulding and shaping processes.
塑性：材料在受力时发生永久变形而不破坏的能力。黏土、加热的热塑性塑料和锻造中的金属表现出塑性，这对于模塑和成型工艺至关重要。
3. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Force: A push or pull acting upon an object as a result of its interaction with another object. Force is measured in newtons (N) and can cause an object to accelerate, decelerate, change direction, or alter its shape.
力：由于物体与另一物体相互作用而施加在其上的推或拉。力以牛顿（N）为单位，可使物体加速、减速、改变方向或改变形状。
Load: The force applied to a structure or component. Live loads change over time (e.g., people in a lift), while dead loads are permanent (e.g., the weight of a bridge). Engineers must calculate both to ensure safety.
载荷：施加在结构或部件上的力。活载荷随时间变化（如电梯中的人），而死载荷是永久性的（如桥梁的自重）。工程师必须计算两者以确保安全。
Tension: A pulling force that tries to stretch a material. Cables in a suspension bridge are constantly under tension. If the tensile stress exceeds the material's tensile strength, the component will fail.
拉力：试图拉伸材料的拉力。悬索桥中的缆绳始终处于拉力状态。若拉应力超过材料的抗拉强度，部件便会失效。
Compression: A pushing or squashing force that tends to shorten or compress a member. Columns in buildings and the struts of a truss bridge are designed to withstand compression without buckling.
压力/压缩力：一种倾向于缩短或压缩构件的推力或挤压作用。建筑物中的柱子和桁架桥的压杆被设计成能承受压缩力而不发生屈曲。
Torsion: A twisting force that causes an object to rotate around its longitudinal axis. A screwdriver shaft experiences torsion when turning a screw, and automotive drive shafts are engineered to handle high torsional loads.
扭力：使物体绕其纵轴旋转的扭转作用。螺丝刀杆在旋拧螺丝时承受扭力，而汽车传动轴被设计来处理高扭转载荷。
Shear: A force that acts parallel to a surface and causes layers to slide past each other. Scissors cut paper by applying shear, and riveted joints in a steel frame must resist shear to keep the structure intact.
剪力：平行于表面作用并导致各层相互滑动的力。剪刀通过施加剪力剪纸，钢框架中的铆接接头必须抵抗剪力以保持结构完整。
Friction: The resistive force that opposes the relative motion of two surfaces in contact. Friction can be reduced with lubricants or bearings but is useful for braking, gripping, and preventing slipping.
摩擦力：阻碍两个接触表面相对运动的阻力。摩擦可用润滑剂或轴承减小，但在制动、抓握和防滑方面非常有用。
Equilibrium: A state in which the resultant force on an object is zero, meaning it remains at rest or continues moving at constant velocity. In structural analysis, equilibrium ensures that all forces and moments sum to zero.
平衡：物体所受合力为零的状态，意味着它保持静止或继续匀速运动。在结构分析中，平衡确保所有力和力矩的代数和为零。
Resultant force: The single force that has the same effect as all the individual forces acting on an object combined. If the resultant force is zero, the object's motion does not change; a non-zero resultant causes acceleration according to Newton's second law.
合力：与作用在物体上的所有单个力组合起来具有相同效果的单一力。若合力为零，物体运动状态不变；非零合力则根据牛顿第二定律引起加速。
4. Electrical and Electronic Terms | 电气与电子术语
Electric circuit: A complete, unbroken path through which electric current can flow. It must include a power source, conductors, and a load (such as a bulb or motor). Switches are used to open or close the circuit.
电路：电流能够流过的完整且不间断的路径。电路必须包含电源、导体和负载（如灯泡或电机）。开关用于接通或断开电路。
Current (I): The rate of flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). In a simple DC circuit, conventional current flows from the positive terminal to the negative terminal of the power supply.
电流（I）：电荷流动的速率，以安培（A）为单位。在简单的直流电路中，传统电流方向为从电源正极流向负极。
Voltage (V): The electrical potential difference that drives current around a circuit, measured in volts (V). A higher voltage pushes more current through a fixed resistance, much like water pressure pushes water through a pipe.
电压（V）：驱动电流在电路中流动的电位差，以伏特（V）为单位。较高的电压会推动更多电流流过固定电阻，就像水压推动水流过管道。
Resistance (R): The opposition to the flow of electric current, measured in ohms (Ω). Resistors are deliberately placed in circuits to control current and divide voltage. Conductors have low resistance; insulators have extremely high resistance.
电阻（R）：对电流流动的阻碍，以欧姆（Ω）为单位。电阻器被特意接入电路以控制电流和分压。导体电阻低，绝缘体电阻极高。
Ohm's Law: V = I × R
Conductor: A material that allows electric charge to flow easily, typically metals like copper, silver, and aluminium. In a circuit, the wires are made of conductive material coated with insulation.
导体：允许电荷容易流动的材料，通常是铜、银和铝等金属。在电路中，导线由导电材料制成并包覆绝缘层。
Insulator: A material that resists the flow of electric charge, such as plastic, glass, and rubber. Insulators are used to coat wires, make tool handles, and prevent short circuits.
绝缘体：阻止电荷流动的材料，如塑料、玻璃和橡胶。绝缘体用于包覆导线、制造工具手柄和防止短路。
Series circuit: A circuit in which components are connected end-to-end so that the same current flows through each one. If one component fails, the circuit is broken and all devices stop working. The total resistance is the sum of individual resistances.
串联电路：各元件首尾相连从而相同电流流过每个元件的电路。如果一个元件失效，电路断开，所有器件停止工作。总电阻等于各电阻之和。
Parallel circuit: A circuit in which components are connected across common points or branches, providing multiple paths for current. Voltage across each branch is the same, and if one branch fails, current can still flow through the others.
并联电路：各元件跨接在公共点或支路上，为电流提供多条路径的电路。每条支路两端电压相同，若一个支路断开，电流仍可通过其他支路流动。
LED (Light Emitting Diode): A semiconductor device that emits light when current flows through it in the forward direction. LEDs are energy-efficient, long-lasting, and used in displays, indicators, and modern lighting.
LED（发光二极管）：一种半导体器件，当电流沿正向流过时会发光。LED 节能且寿命长，用于显示器、指示灯和现代照明。
5. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting: A manufacturing process in which a liquid material, usually molten metal or plastic, is poured into a mould cavity and allowed to solidify. The solidified part takes the shape of the cavity. Sand casting and die casting are common variants.
铸造：将液态材料（通常是熔融金属或塑料）浇入模腔并使其凝固的制造工艺。凝固的零件获得模腔的形状。砂型铸造和压铸是常见类型。
Injection moulding: A high-volume process used for thermoplastics. Granules of the polymer are heated until molten, injected under pressure into a metal mould, then cooled and ejected. It is used for bottle caps, LEGO bricks, and many casing parts.
注塑成型：用于热塑性塑料的大批量生产工艺。聚合物颗粒被加热至熔融，在压力下注入金属模具，然后冷却并顶出。用于瓶盖、乐高积木和许多外壳零件。
Machining: Any process that removes material from a workpiece to achieve the desired dimensions and finish, using cutting tools. Common machining operations include turning, milling, drilling, and grinding. CNC machines automate this process for high precision.
机加工：使用切削工具从工件上去除材料以达到所需尺寸和光洁度的任何工艺。常见机加工操作包括车削、铣削、钻削和磨削。CNC
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