📚 KS3 AQA Science: Key Vocabulary Quick Revision Guide | KS3 AQA 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering science starts with understanding key terms. This revision guide breaks down the essential vocabulary for KS3 AQA Science into clear, bite-sized bilingual explanations to help you remember them faster.
掌握科学始于理解关键术语。这份速记指南将 KS3 AQA 科学的核心词汇拆解成清晰、精炼的双语解释，帮助你更快记住它们。
1. Cells and Organisation | 细胞与组织
Cell membrane – a thin layer that controls what enters and leaves the cell.
细胞膜 – 一层薄膜，控制物质进出细胞。
Nucleus – the control centre of the cell, containing DNA on chromosomes.
细胞核 – 细胞的控制中心，染色体上含有 DNA。
Cytoplasm – a jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions happen.
细胞质 – 胶状物质，大多数化学反应发生的地方。
Mitochondria – organelles where aerobic respiration releases energy.
线粒体 – 有氧呼吸释放能量的细胞器。
Chloroplast – contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells.
叶绿体 – 含有叶绿素，是植物细胞进行光合作用的场所。
Vacuole – a large permanent space filled with cell sap in plant cells, helping maintain turgidity.
液泡 – 植物细胞中充满细胞液的大而永久性的结构，有助于维持细胞硬度。
Cell wall – a rigid layer made of cellulose that supports and protects plant cells.
细胞壁 – 由纤维素构成的坚硬层，支持和保护植物细胞。
2. Particles and States of Matter | 粒子与物质状态
Solid – particles are tightly packed in a fixed, regular arrangement, vibrating in fixed positions.
固体 – 粒子紧密排列，有固定的规则结构，在固定位置上振动。
Liquid – particles are close together but can move past each other, taking the shape of the container.
液体 – 粒子紧密但可相互滑过，呈现容器的形状。
Gas – particles are far apart and move rapidly in all directions, filling any container.
气体 – 粒子相距很远，迅速向各方向运动，充满任何容器。
Diffusion – the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
扩散 – 粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动。
Melting point – the temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid.
熔点 – 固体转变为液体的温度。
Boiling point – the temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas throughout the liquid.
沸点 – 整个液体转变为气体的温度。
3. Atoms, Elements and Compounds | 原子、元素与化合物
Atom – the smallest particle of an element that can exist; made of protons, neutrons and electrons.
原子 – 元素能够存在的最小粒子；由质子、中子和电子构成。
Element – a substance made of only one type of atom, represented by a chemical symbol (e.g. O for oxygen).
元素 – 仅由一种原子组成的物质，用化学符号表示（如 O 代表氧）。
Compound – a substance formed when two or more different elements chemically combine (e.g. H₂O, CO₂).
化合物 – 两种或更多不同元素化学结合形成的物质（如 H₂O, CO₂）。
Molecule – a group of atoms bonded together; can be an element (O₂) or a compound (H₂O).
分子 – 一组原子键合在一起；可以是单质分子（O₂）或化合物分子（H₂O）。
Periodic Table – a table of all known elements arranged in order of atomic number, grouped by similar properties.
元素周期表 – 按原子序数排列的所有已知元素表格，将性质相似的元素分组。
4. Chemical Reactions and Equations | 化学反应与方程式
Reactant – a substance that takes part in and is changed by a chemical reaction.
反应物 – 参与化学反应并发生变化的物质。
Product – a substance that is formed in a chemical reaction.
生成物 – 化学反应中生成的物质。
Word equation – ion using the names of reactants and products (e.g. magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide).
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