📚 KS3 AQA Physics: Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | KS3 AQA 物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of physics is the first step to understanding how the world works. This guide groups KS3 AQA key terms into themed sections, each packed with clear definitions, relatable examples, and mnemonics to make recall fast and fun.
掌握物理的语言是理解世界运行原理的第一步。本指南将 KS3 AQA 核心术语按主题分组，每组配有清晰定义、贴近生活的例子和助记技巧，让记忆变得快速又有趣。
1. Forces and Motion | 力和运动
Force – A push or a pull measured in newtons (N). Think of a force as an invisible hand that changes an object's speed, direction, or shape.
力 – 以牛顿(N)为单位的推或拉。把力想象成一只无形的手，它能改变物体的速度、方向或形状。
Balanced forces – When two forces are equal in size and opposite in direction, they cancel out. The object stays at constant speed or at rest.
平衡力 – 当两个力大小相等、方向相反时，它们相互抵消。物体会保持匀速或静止。
Unbalanced forces – When one force is bigger than the other, causing a change in motion. Remember: 'Unbalanced = Unequal = movement.'
非平衡力 – 当一个力大于另一个力时，引起运动状态改变。记住口诀：非平衡即不等，不等就动。
Resultant force – The overall force acting on an object. If a 10 N push faces a 4 N friction, the resultant is 6 N forward.
合力 – 作用在物体上的总力。如果一个10 N的推力遇到4 N的摩擦力，合力为向前6 N。
Friction – A force that opposes motion. It happens when two surfaces rub together. Picture tyres gripping the road.
摩擦力 – 阻碍运动的力，发生在两个表面相互摩擦时。想象轮胎抓住路面的情景。
Drag (air resistance) – Friction from air or water. Cyclists crouch to reduce drag.
阻力（空气阻力） – 来自空气或水的摩擦力。自行车手弯腰骑行就是为了减小阻力。
2. Mass, Weight and Gravity | 质量、重量与重力
Mass – The amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg). Mass never changes, even on the Moon.
质量 – 物体所含物质的多少，以千克(kg)为单位。质量永不改变，即便在月球上也是如此。
Weight – The force of gravity pulling on a mass, measured in newtons (N). Weight can change with location.
重量 – 作用在质量上的重力，单位是牛顿(N)。重量会随位置而改变。
Gravity – A force that attracts all objects towards each other. Earth's gravity gives us weight.
重力 – 一种将所有物体相互吸引的力。地球的重力赋予我们重量。
Gravitational field strength (g) – ll of gravity per kilogram. On Earth, g ≈ 9.8 N/kg. KS3 often uses 10 N/kg for simplicity.
重力场强度(g) – 每千克物体受到的重力。地球上g约9.8 N/kg。KS3阶段常用10 N/kg简化计算。
Key equation: Weight (N) = mass (kg) × gravitational field strength (N/kg). Mnemonic: 'Worms Make Great snacks' (W = M × G).
核心公式：重量(N) = 质量(kg) × 重力场强度(N/kg)。助记：'我妈高' (W = M × G)。
3. Pressure and Moments | 压强与力矩
Pressure – How spread out a force is. Measured in pascals (Pa) or N/m². Sharp knives have high pressure because the force is concentrated on a small area.
压强 – 力分散的程度，单位是帕斯卡(Pa)或 N/m²。锋利的刀压强大，因为力集中在很小的面积上。
Equation: Pressure = force ÷ area. Large area = low pressure (like snowshoes).
公式：压强 = 力 ÷ 面积。面积大则压强小（如雪鞋）。
Moment – The turning effect of a force. A spanner makes it easier to turn a bolt by increasing the distance from the pivot.
力矩 – 力的转动效果。扳手通过增加离支点的距离来轻松拧动螺栓。
Equation: Moment = force × perpendicular distance from pivot. Unit is newton metre (Nm).
方程：力矩 = 力 × 到支点的垂直距离。单位是牛顿·米(Nm)。
4. Speed and Relative Motion | 速度与相对运动
Speed – verage speed = distance ÷ time. Unit: metre per second (m/s) or kilometre per hour (km/h).
速度 – 物体移动的快慢。平均速度 = 距离 ÷ 时间。单位：米每秒(m/s)或千米每小时(km/h)。
Relative motion – How an object's movement appears from a different viewpoint. A train moving past a platform seems fast, but inside you feel still.
相对运动 – 从不同视角看物体运动的样子。窗外飞驰的列车看似很快，但车内你感觉静止。
Distance-time graph – A straight sloping line means constant speed; a flat horizontal line means stationary. The steeper the slope, the higher the speed.
距离-时间图 – 倾斜直线表示匀速；水平线表示静止。斜率越陡，速度越大。
5. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与转移
Energy – The ability to do work, measured in joules (J). It can be stored in many ways.
能量 – 做功的本领，单位是焦耳(J)。能量可以多种方式储存。
Mnemonic for stores: 'Kinky Elephants Get Crazy Eating Nuts in Trainers' (Kinetic, Elastic, Gravitational, Chemical, Electrostatic, Nuclear, Internal/Thermal).
储存方式助记：'动弹性势化电核内'（动能、弹性势能、重力势能、化学能、静电势能、核能、内能/热能）。
Kinetic energy – Energy of motion. A rolling ball has kinetic energy.
动能 – 运动的能量。滚动的球有动能。
Gravitational potential energy (GPE) – Energy stored due to height. The higher the object, the more GPE.
重力势能(GPE) – 因高度而储存的能量。物体越高，重力势能越大。
Energy transfer pathways: mechanically (by a force), electrically, by heating, by radiation (light/sound).
能量转移路径：机械做功、电流、加热、辐射（光/声）。
Conservation of energy – Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or stored. Total energy in a closed system is constant.
能量守恒 – 能量不能被创造或消灭，只能转移或储存。封闭系统中总能量不变。
6. Heat and Temperature | 热与温度
Temperature – A measure of how hot or cold something is, in degrees Celsius (°C). It reflects the average kinetic energy of particles.
温度 – 表示物体冷热的量度，单位摄氏度(°C)。它反映粒子平均动能。
Heat (thermal energy) – Energy transferred from a hotter object to a cooler one because of temperature difference.
热（热能） – 因温差而从较热物体转移到较冷物体的能量。
Internal energy – Total kinetic and potential energy of all particles in a substance. Rising temperature increases internal energy.
内能 – 物质中所有粒子的动能和势能总和。温度升高，内能增加。
Analogy: Temperature is like the speedometer of a car, while heat is like the fuel. They are related but not the same.
类比：温度像汽车的速度表，而热量像燃料。两者相关但并不相同。
7. Conduction, Convection and Radiation | 传导、对流与辐射
Conduction – Heat transfer through a solid by vibrating particles passing energy along. Metals are good conductors; non-metals are insulators.
传导 – 通过固体中粒子振动传递能量的热传递方式。金属是良导体；非金属是绝缘体。
Convection – Heat transfer in fluids (liquids and gases) where warmer, less dense fluid rises and cooler fluid sinks, forming a convection current.
对流 – 流体（液体和气体）中热传递的方式，较热、密度较小的流体上升，较冷流体下降，形成对流循环。
Radiation – Transfer of heat by infrared waves, can travel through vacuum. Dark, matte surfaces are good absorbers and emitters; shiny surfaces reflect.
辐射 – 通过红外波传递热量，能在真空中传播。暗色粗糙表面善于吸收和发射辐射；光亮表面善于反射。
Story mnemonic: 'Conduction needs touching, Convection goes round, Radiation leaps through space without a sound.'
故事记忆：传导需接触，对流循环转，辐射越空间无声音。
8. Electric Circuits | 电路
Circuit – A closed loop that allows electric current to flow. If there is a break, current stops.
电路 – 允许电流流动的闭合回路。一旦断裂，电流停止。
Current (I) – The flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (amps, A). Electrons carry the charge. Current flows from positive to negative in conventional notation.
电流(I) – 电荷的流动，单位安培(A)。电子携带电荷。常用惯例是电流从正极流向负极。
Voltage (potential difference) – The 'push' that drives current around a circuit, measured in volts (V). Think of it as electrical pressure.
电压（电势差） – 推动电流在电路中流动的"推力"，单位伏特(V)。可视为电的压力。
Resistance (R) – How hard it is for current to flow, measured in ohms (Ω). Thin wires and long wires have higher resistance.
电阻(R) – 电流流动的难易程度，单位欧姆(Ω)。细线、长线电阻更大。
Ohm's Law triangle: Voltage = current × resistance (V=IR). Mnemonic: 'Very Important Rule'.
欧姆定律三角：电压 = 电流 × 电阻 (V=IR)。助记：'伏兔压' (V=I×R)。
9. Series and Parallel Circuits | 串联与并联电路
Series circuit – Components are connected one after another. Current is the same everywhere. If one bulb breaks, all go out.
串联电路 – 元件逐个首尾相连。各处电流相同。一个灯泡坏了，全部熄灭。
Parallel circuit – Components are on separate branches. Voltage is the same across each branch. If one bulb blows, others stay on.
并联电路 – 元件位于不同支路。各支路电压相等。一个灯泡烧坏，其他仍亮着。
Analogy for series: a single-lane road; parallel: a multi-lane motorway where each car takes its own lane.
串联比喻：单车道公路；并联比喻：多车道高速公路，每辆车自有车道。
| Property | Series | Parallel |
|---|---|---|
| Current | Same everywhere | Splits between branches |
| Voltage | Shared across components | Same across each branch |
| 属性 | 串联 | 并联 |
|---|---|---|
| 电流 | 处处相等 | 各支路分流 |
| 电压 | 各元件分担 | 各支路相等 |
10. Magnetism and Electromagnets | 磁与电磁铁
Magnet – An object that produces a magnetic field. It has a north and south pole. Like poles repel, unlike poles attract.
磁体 – 产生磁场的物体，有北极和南极。同名磁极相斥，异名相吸。
Magnetic field – The region around a magnet where its force acts. Field lines point from north to south.
磁场 – 磁体周围存在磁力的区域。磁感线方向从北极指向南极。
Electromagnet – A coil of wire (solenoid) with an iron core, which becomes magnetic when current flows. You can increase its strength by more turns, higher current, or adding an iron core.
电磁铁 – 带有铁芯的线圈（螺线管），通电后产生磁性。增强方法：增加线圈匝数、增大电流或加入铁芯。
Mnemonic for magnetic materials: 'Iron, Nickel, Cobalt, Steel are INvited to the Magnet party' (Iron, Nickel, Cobalt, Steel).
磁性材料记忆：铁、镍、钴、钢受邀参加磁铁派对（INCS: Iron, Nickel, Cobalt, Steel 的首字母）。
11. Light and Sound Waves | 光波与声波
Wave – A disturbance that transfers energy without transferring matter. Two types: transverse (light, water) and longitudinal (sound).
波 – 传递能量而不传递物质的扰动。分为横波（光、水波）和纵波（声波）。
Amplitude – um displacement from the rest position. Larger amplitude = louder sound or brighter light.
振幅 – 离平衡位置的最大位移。振幅越大，声音越响或光越亮。
Frequency – Number of waves per second, measured in hertz (Hz). High frequency sound has high pitch.
频率 – 每秒波数，单位赫兹(Hz)。频率高的声音音调高。
Wavelength – Distance between two crests or compressions.
波长 – 两个相邻波峰或疏密部之间的距离。
Reflection – Waves bouncing off a surface. Angle of incidence = angle of reflection.
反射 – 波从表面弹回。入射角等于反射角。
Refraction – Bending of waves when they change speed entering a different medium. Light bends towards the normal in denser material.
折射 – 波进入不同媒质因速度改变而弯曲。光进入较密介质时向法线方向偏折。
12. The Solar System and Space | 太阳系与太空
Gravity in space – Keeps planets in orbit around the Sun. The Sun's huge mass produces a strong gravitational pull.
太空中的重力 – 使行星绕太阳公转。太阳巨大的质量产生强大的引力。
Orbit – The curved path of a celestial object around a star, planet, or moon. It balances gravity and forward motion.
轨道 – 天体围绕恒星、行星或卫星运行的弯曲路径。它平衡了引力与前进运动。
Solar system – Sun, eight planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, and comets. Mnemonic for order: 'My Very Easy Method Just Speeds Up Naming' (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune).
太阳系 – 太阳、八大行星、矮行星、小行星和彗星。顺序助记：'水金地火木土天海'。
Light-year – The distance light travels in one year, used for vast cosmic distances. Not a unit of time!
光年 – 光在一年中行进的距离，用于衡量宇宙尺度。不是时间单位！
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