📚 KS3 Edexcel Sociology: Key Terms Quick Revision Guide | KS3 爱德思社会学：关键术语速记指南
Understanding sociology starts with mastering its language. This guide breaks down the essential terms you will meet in KS3 Edexcel Sociology, pairing each with simple definitions and memorable shortcuts to help you learn quickly and recall accurately in tests. Work through each section and use the memory hooks to build long-term retention.
理解社会学从掌握它的语言开始。本指南分解了你在 KS3 爱德思社会学中会遇到的核心术语，每个术语都配有简单的定义和好记的捷径，帮你快速学习并在考试中准确回忆。逐节学习，借助这些记忆钩子建立长期记忆。
1. Understanding Society and Social Structures | 理解社会与社会结构
Society – A group of people who share a common territory and culture. Think 'social' + 'city' – a shared place where people interact.
社会 —— 共享同一领土和文化的群体。联想“社交”+“社区”——人们互动共享的空间。
Social structure – The organised pattern of relationships and institutions that make up a society. Picture a building's framework (structure) holding everything together.
社会结构 —— 组成社会的各种关系和制度的有组织模式。想象一栋建筑的骨架（结构）把所有部分连在一起。
Institution – at meets basic human needs, such as the family, education system, or government. Remember: 'Institution' = 'In society's constitution'.
制度 —— 满足人类基本需求的大规模社会安排，比如家庭、教育体系或政府。记法：“制度”就是社会这部宪法的组成部分。
Social order – The way a society maintains stability and expected behaviour. Think of 'order' as the opposite of chaos – rules keep the social order.
社会秩序 —— 社会维持稳定和预期行为的方式。把“秩序”看作混乱的反面——规则维护社会秩序。
Norms – Unwritten rules of behaviour shared by a group. Memory hook: 'Normal' actions become 'norms'.
规范 —— 群体共享的不成文行为准则。记忆钩子：“正常”的行为变成“规范”。
2. Culture and Identity | 文化与身份认同
Culture – The whole way of life of a society, including its language, beliefs, values, and customs. Use the acronym 'L-BVC' (Language, Beliefs, Values, Customs) to recall its elements.
文化 —— 一个社会的整体生活方式，包括语言、信仰、价值观和习俗。用首字母缩写“L-BVC”（语言、信仰、价值观、习俗）来记忆构成要素。
Values – Deeply held ideas about what is right and desirable. Values guide our choices – think 'valuable' principles.
价值观 —— 关于什么是正确和可取的深层信念。价值观指引我们的选择——联想“有价值”的原则。
Identity – How individuals see themselves and how others see them. Break it as 'I-dentity' – who I am.
身份认同 —— 个体如何看待自己以及他人如何看待自己。拆解为“我”之认同——我是谁。
Subculture – A group within a larger culture that has its own distinct norms and values. 'Sub' means under or smaller – a smaller cultural group inside the main one.
亚文化 —— 更大文化内部的一个群体，拥有自己独特的规范和价值观。“亚”表示次一级的——主要文化内部的小型文化群体。
Multiculturalism – The coexistence of many different cultural groups within one society. 'Multi' = many, 'cultural' = cultures. Think of a mosaic of different coloured tiles.
多元文化主义 —— 一个社会内许多不同文化群体共存。“多元”= 许多，“文化”= 文化。想象一幅不同颜色瓷砖组成的马赛克画。
3. Socialisation | 社会化
Socialisation – The lifelong process of learning the culture of your society. Memory hint: 'Social' + 'isation' – becoming social by learning the rules.
社会化 —— 学习你所处社会文化的终身过程。记忆提示：“社交”+“化”——通过学习规则变得合群。
Primary socialisation – Early learning that takes place in the family, where basic norms and values are acquired. Remember: 'Primary' comes first, like primary school.
初级社会化 —— 发生在家庭中的早期学习，习得基本规范和价值观。记法：“初级”是最早的，像小学一样。
Secondary socialisation – Later learning through agencies like schools, peers, and the media. 'Secondary' follows primary – after the family, other influences come in.
次级社会化 —— 通过学校、同伴和媒体等机构进行的后期学习。“次级”在初级之后——家庭之后，其他影响介入。
Agencies of socialisation – The groups and institutions that teach us norms and values, e.g., family, school, media. Picture them as 'agents' acting on us to shape behaviour.
社会化机构 —— 教导我们规范和价值观的群体与制度，如家庭、学校、媒体。把它们想象成“代理人”，作用于我们以塑造行为。
Peer group – A group of people of similar age and status who influence each other. 'Peer' sounds like 'pair' – you often learn alongside your peers.
同辈群体 —— 年龄和地位相近、相互影响的一群人。“同辈”就像同一辈分——你经常和同辈一起学习成长。
4. Family and Household | 家庭与住户
Family – A group of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption. Remember: 'Family' = 'Familiar' ties – people you feel connected to.
家庭 —— 通过血缘、婚姻或收养联系起来的一群人。记法：“家庭”就是“家人”——你感到有联结的人。
Household – person living alone or a group of people sharing a living space, not necessarily related. 'Household' = the people who 'hold' the house.
住户 —— 单独居住或共享居住空间的一群人，不一定有亲属关系。“住户”就是“住”在同一个“户”里的人。
Nuclear family – A two-generation family of parents and children living together. Think of a 'nucleus' like the core of an atom – small and central.
核心家庭 —— 由父母与子女组成的两代人家庭。像原子的“核心”一样——小而集中。
Extended family – A family that goes beyond the nuclear unit to include grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc. 'Extended' means stretched – more generations under one roof or close by.
扩展家庭 —— 超出核心单元，包括祖父母、叔伯姨婶等的家庭。“扩展”意味着延伸——更多代同堂或邻近居住。
Reconstituted family – ne or both partners bring children from a previous relationship; also called a stepfamily. 'Reconstituted' = reconstructed, like rebuilding a family unit.
重组家庭 —— 一方或双方带着前段关系中的子女组成的家庭，也称继亲家庭。“重组”意味着重新构建，像重建一个家庭单元。
5. Education | 教育
Formal education – Structured learning that takes place in schools and colleges, following a set curriculum. 'Formal' = like a uniform – it has a clear structure.
正式教育 —— 在学校和学院进行的结构化学习，遵循既定课程。“正式”就像制服——有清晰的结构。
Hidden curriculum – The informal lessons in school that teach values, attitudes, and obedience, e.g., standing in line, raising hands. Think of it as the 'hidden' list of what school really teaches alongside subjects.
隐性课程 —— 学校中传递价值观、态度和服从性的非正式课程，如排队、举手。把它想象成一份“隐藏”的清单，列出学校在学科之外真正教的东西。
Meritocracy – A system where individuals achieve success based on their own effort and ability. 'Merit' = deserving – a society where rewards are based on merit.
精英治理 —— 个体凭自身努力和能力获得成功的制度。“精英”代表应得——一个根据才能给予回报的社会。
Labelling – The process of attaching a definition or description to a person, which can affect their behaviour and self-image. Remember 'label' like a sticker – once stuck, it's hard to peel off.
标签化 —— 给一个人贴上某种定义或描述的标签，可能影响其行为和自我形象。把“标签”想成贴纸——一旦贴上，很难撕下。
Self-fulfilling prophecy – When a belief about something leads to its own fulfilment. If a teacher labels a pupil 'bright', the pupil may work harder and succeed. 'Self-fulfilling' means the prophecy makes itself come true.
自证预言 —— 关于某事的信念导致其自身实现。如果教师把一名学生标记为“聪明”，该生可能更努力并成功。“自证”意味着预言让自己成真。
6. Crime and Deviance | 犯罪与越轨
Deviance – Behaviour that breaks the norms of a society but is not necessarily criminal. 'Deviate' means to stray from the path – deviance is stepping off the expected path.
越轨 —— 违背社会规范但不一定违法的行为。“越轨”本义是偏离轨道——越轨就是离开预期路径。
Crime – An act that breaks the law and is punishable by the state. All crimes are deviant, but not all deviance is criminal. 'Crime' needs a law (legal code).
犯罪 —— 违反法律并受国家惩罚的行为。所有犯罪都是越轨，但不是所有越轨都犯罪。“犯罪”需要法律（法规）。
Social control – The methods used to encourage conformity and prevent deviance. Formal social control involves police and courts; informal social control comes from family, peers, and schools.
社会控制 —— 用来鼓励服从、防止越轨的方法。正式社会控制涉及警察和法庭；非正式社会控制来自家庭、同伴和学校。
Anomie – state of normlessness where people feel disconnected from the collective conscience. Think 'a-norm-ie' = without norms.
失范 —— 一种规范缺失的状态，人们感到与集体意识脱节。联想：'a-norm-ie' = 缺乏规范。
Labelling theory of crime – The idea that deviance is created by the labels society applies to certain actions. Once labelled as 'criminal', a person may adopt that identity.
犯罪标签理论 —— 认为越轨是由社会对某些行为贴标签而产生的。一旦被贴上“罪犯”标签，个人可能接受这种身份。
7. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Social stratification – The way society is divided into layers (strata) based on factors like class, gender, or ethnicity. 'Stratification' sounds like 'stratosphere' – layers in the atmosphere; think of society's layers.
社会分层 —— 社会根据阶级、性别或种族等因素划分为不同层级的方式。“分层”听起来像“大气分层”——大气中的层；想象社会的层级。
Social class – A group of people sharing a similar economic position, often based on occupation, income, and wealth. Remember the three main classes: upper, middle, working (like a three-tier cake).
社会阶级 —— 经济地位相似的一群人，通常基于职业、收入和财富。记住三个主要阶级：上层、中层、工人（像一个三层蛋糕）。
Life chances – The opportunities an individual has to achieve things like good health, education, and a comfortable life. It’s like being dealt a hand of cards – some are more favourable than others.
生活机会 —— 个体获取健康、教育和舒适生活等事物的机会。像拿到一手牌——有些牌更好。
Social mobility – The movement of individuals or groups up or down the social hierarchy. 'Mobility' = ability to move – what lifts or lowers a person between classes.
社会流动 —— 个人或群体在社会层级中向上或向下的移动。“流动”= 移动的能力——使人在阶级间上升或下降的因素。
Poverty – A situation where people lack the resources to meet basic needs. Absolute poverty is a lack of essentials; relative poverty is being poor compared to the average standard of living in a society.
贫困 —— 人们缺乏资源以满足基本需求的状况。绝对贫困是缺乏必需品；相对贫困是与社会的平均生活水平相比处于贫困状态。
8. Research Methods | 研究方法
Primary data – ctly by the researcher for their own study, like questionnaires, interviews, observations. 'Primary' = first-hand, like a primary source.
一手数据 —— 研究者为自身研究直接收集的信息，如问卷、访谈、观察。“一手”= 第一手，像原始资料。
Secondary data – at already exists and was collected by someone else, e.g., government statistics, reports. 'Secondary' = second-hand, already available.
二手数据 —— 已存在并由他人收集的信息，如政府统计、报告。“二手”= 第二手，已经存在的资料。
Qualitative data – Non-numerical data that provides depth and detail, like opinions, feelings, descriptions. 'Quality' data – rich in meaning.
定性数据 —— 提供深度和细节的非数字数据，如观点、感受、描述。“定性”关注的是质量——富有含义。
Quantitative data – Numerical data that can be counted or measured, often presented in graphs and charts. 'Quantity' data – focused on numbers.
定量数据 —— 可以计数或测量的数字数据，常用图表呈现。“定量”关注的是数量——以数字为中心。
Sample – A smaller group selected from a larger population to participate in research. Think of a sample spoon tasting soup – it represents the whole pot.
样本 —— 从较大总体中选出参与研究的一个较小群体。想象用汤勺尝汤——代表整锅味道。
Ethical considerations – principles that guide research, such as informed consent, confidentiality, avoiding harm. 'Ethics' = rules about right and wrong – research must respect them.
伦理考量 —— 指导研究的道德原则，如知情同意、保密、避免伤害。“伦理”= 关于对错的规则——研究必须遵守。
Published by TutorHao | Sociology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图