📚 KS3 Edexcel Psychology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Revision Guide | KS3 Edexcel 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential quick revision guide for KS3 Edexcel Psychology. This resource breaks down the most important key terms and concepts you will meet in the course. Each entry gives you clear definitions in English followed by the equivalent Chinese explanation, plus memory tips to help you remember tricky terminology. Whether you are preparing for an end-of-topic test or building a solid foundation for GCSE, these bite-sized sections will make psychological vocabulary stick.
欢迎使用 KS3 Edexcel 心理学必备速记指南。本书拆解了课程中最重要的关键术语与概念。每个词条先给出清晰的英文定义，再紧跟对应的中文解释，并附上记忆窍门帮助你攻克难记的术语。无论你是在准备单元测验，还是为 GCSE 打基础，这些小块小节都会让心理学词汇牢牢扎根。
1. What Is Psychology? | 什么是心理学？
Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behaviour. Psychologists use empirical methods to observe, measure, and test ideas about thought, emotion, and action.
心理学是对人类心理和行为的科学研究。心理学家使用实证方法观察、测量并检验有关思维、情感和行动的观点。
Empirical evidence refers to data gathered through direct observation or experiment, rather than opinion or belief. In psychology, every claim must be supported by empirical evidence.
实证证据指通过直接观察或实验收集的数据，而非观点或信仰。在心理学中，每一个论断都必须有实证证据支持。
A theory is a set of ideas that explains why something happens. In science, a theory is not just a guess; it is a well-tested explanation that can predict future events or behaviours.
理论是一套解释事物发生原因的观念。在科学中，理论不仅仅是猜测；它是经过充分检验并能预测未来事件或行为的解释。
Bias is a systematic error in thinking or data collection that can distort results. Researchers must design studies carefully to minimise bias.
偏差是思维或数据收集中的系统性错误，会扭曲结果。研究者必须精心设计研究以减少偏差。
Memory tip: Think of psychology as a 'mind laboratory' where theories are tested with real-world observations, not guesses.
记忆技巧：把心理学想象成一个“心灵实验室”，在其中用真实世界的观察而非猜测来检验理论。
2. Key Approaches in Psychology | 心理学主要取向
Biological approach: Explains behaviour in terms of brain structures, neurotransmitters, and genetics. For example, differences in the amygdala can affect how we respond to fear.
生物取向：用大脑结构、神经递质和遗传解释行为。例如，杏仁核的差异会影响我们对恐惧的反应。
Cognitive approach: Focuses on internal mental processes such as perception, memory, language, and problem-solving. It compares the mind to a computer that processes information.
认知取向：聚焦知觉、记忆、语言和问题解决等内部心理过程。它将心智比作加工信息的计算机。
Behavioural approach: Studies observable behaviour and the ways it is learned through interaction with the environment. Key ideas include classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
行为取向：研究可观察的行为以及行为如何通过与环境的互动习得。关键概念包括经典条件作用和操作性条件作用。
Social approach: Examines how other people influence an individual's thoughts, feelings, and actions. Topics include conformity, obedience, and group behaviour.
社会取向：考察他人如何影响个体的思维、情感和行为。主题包括从众、服从和群体行为。
Memory tip: Remember the approaches as 'Bio Cog Beh Soc' — like a code for the four lenses through which psychologists view behaviour.
记忆技巧：把取向记作“生物 认知 行为 社会”——就像四个透镜的代码，心理学家透过它们观察行为。
3. Research Methods Terminology | 研究方法术语
Independent variable (IV): The factor that the researcher manipulates or changes in an experiment. For example, the amount of sleep given to participants is the IV when testing memory.
自变量 (IV)：研究者在实验中操纵或改变的因素。例如，在测试记忆时给予被试的睡眠量就是自变量。
Dependent variable (DV): The factor that is measured; it is the outcome that may be affected by changes in the IV. In the above example, memory test score is the DV.
因变量 (DV)：被测量的因素；它是可能受自变量变化影响的结果。在上例中，记忆测试分数是因变量。
Hypothesis: A clear, testable prediction about the relationship between variables. It often contains 'if... then...' reasoning.
假设：关于变量关系的明确、可检验的预测。常包含“如果……那么……”的推理。
Sample: A subset of the population chosen to take part in a study. A representative sample allows findings to be generalised.
样本：被选来参加研究的一部分总体。代表性样本使得研究发现可以推广。
Validity: The extent to which a test or experiment measures what it claims to measure. High validity means findings are truthful and accurate.
效度：一项测试或实验真正测量到声称要测量之物的程度。高效度意味着发现真实准确。
Reliability: The consistency of a measure. If you repeat the experiment under the same conditions, you should get similar results.
信度：测量的一致性。如果在相同条件下重复实验，应得到相似结果。
4. Memory: Core Concepts | 记忆：核心概念
Encoding: The process of converting sensory information into a form that can be stored in memory. Information can be encoded visually, acoustically, or semantically.
编码：将感觉信息转换成能够存入记忆的形式的过程。信息可以通过视觉、听觉或语义方式进行编码。
Storage: Maintaining encoded information over time. Different types of memory store information for varying durations.
存储：将编码信息保持一段时间。不同的记忆类型以不同时长存储信息。
Retrieval: Accessing stored information when it is needed. Retrieval can be affected by cues and context.
提取：在需要时获取已存储的信息。提取可受线索和情境影响。
Multi-store model of memory: A model that views memory as consisting of three separate stores: sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Information moves between them through attention and rehearsal.
记忆的多重储存模型：将记忆视为由三个独立储存系统组成的模型：感觉登记、短时记忆和长时记忆。信息通过注意和复述在它们之间转移。
5. Types of Memory | 记忆类型
Sensory register: A very brief memory store that holds information from the senses for less than a second. It has separate channels for iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory) memory.
感觉登记：一个极短暂的记忆储存，将来自感官的信息保持不到一秒钟。它有单独的图像记忆（视觉）和声像记忆（听觉）通道。
Short-term memory (STM): A temporary store with limited capacity (around 7±2 items) and duration (about 18–30 seconds). Rehearsal can keep information in STM longer.
短时记忆 (STM)：一个容量有限（约7±2个项目）且持续时间短（约18–30秒）的临时储存。复述可以使信息在短时记忆中保持更久。
Long-term memory (LTM): A store with potentially unlimited capacity and duration. It includes episodic (personal events), semantic (facts), and procedural (skills) memory.
长时记忆 (LTM)：容量和持续时间可能无限的储存。它包括情景记忆（个人事件）、语义记忆（事实）和程序性记忆（技能）。
Working memory: An updated model that sees STM as an active system for processing and manipulating information, with components like the central executive and phonological loop.
工作记忆：一种更新后的模型，将短时记忆视为加工和操作信息的主动系统，包含中央执行器和语音回路等组件。
6. Attachment and Early Development | 依恋与早期发展
Attachment: A strong emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver that promotes closeness and survival. It develops through sensitive, responsive caregiving.
依恋：婴儿与照料者之间强烈的情感纽带，促进亲密感和生存。它通过敏感、及时的照料而发展。
Secure attachment: A healthy bond where the infant feels safe to explore, knows the caregiver will be responsive, and shows distress when separated but is easily comforted upon reunion.
安全型依恋：一种健康的纽带，婴儿感到安全从而愿意探索，知道照料者会给予回应，分离时表现出不安但重聚时容易得到安慰。
Insecure-avoidant attachment: The infant tends to avoid or ignore the caregiver, showing little distress at separation and little reaction at reunion. This may result from a caregiver who is often rejecting.
不安全—回避型依恋：婴儿倾向回避或忽视照料者，分离时几乎不表现出痛苦，重聚时也几乎没有反应。这可能源于照料者经常拒绝婴儿的需求。
Insecure-resistant attachment: The infant is clingy, yet resists comfort; they are very distressed by separation and are difficult to soothe when reunited. This may follow inconsistent caregiving.
不安全—反抗型依恋：婴儿既黏人又抗拒安慰；分离时非常痛苦，重聚时难以安抚。这可能源于不一致的照料方式。
Memory tip: Picture three babies at a nursery drop-off: one waves happily (secure), one ignores mum (avoidant), one cries and clings but then pushes away (resistant).
记忆技巧：想象托儿所门口的三个婴儿：一个开心挥手（安全型），一个不理妈妈（回避型），一个哭闹黏人然后又推开（反抗型）。
7. Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience | 社会影响：从众与服从
Conformity: A change in a person's behaviour or beliefs due to real or imagined group pressure. It can be normative (to fit in) or informational (to be correct).
从众：由于真实或想象的群体压力而导致个人行为或信念的改变。可以是规范性从众（为了融入）或信息性从众（为了做对）。
Obedience: Following a direct order from an authority figure. Unlike conformity, obedience involves a clear command and a recognised power difference.
服从：遵循权威人物直接发布的指令。与从众不同，服从涉及明确的命令和公认的权力差距。
Bystander effect: The finding that individuals are less likely to offer help in an emergency when other people are present. Diffusion of responsibility and social influence contribute to this effect.
旁观者效应：当有他人在场时个体在紧急情况下提供帮助的可能性反而降低的现象。责任分散和社会影响导致了这一效应。
Social loafing: The tendency for people to put in less effort when working in a group than when working alone. It happens because individual effort is less visible.
社会懈怠：人们在群体中工作时比独自工作时努力程度减少的倾向。其发生是因为个人努力不易被察觉。
8. Cognitive Development: Piaget's Vocabulary | 认知发展：皮亚杰术语
Schema: A mental framework or 'mental folder' that helps us organise and interpret information. For example, a child's schema for 'dog' includes four legs and fur.
图式：帮助我们组织和解释信息的心智框架或“心理文件夹”。例如，孩子关于“狗”的图式包含四条腿和皮毛。
Assimilation: Fitting new information into an existing schema without changing the schema. When a child sees a cat and calls it 'dog', they are assimilating.
同化：在不改变现有图式的情况下将新信息纳入其中。当孩子看到猫却叫它“狗”时，就是在同化。
Accommodation: Changing an existing schema to fit new information that does not match. The child alters the 'dog' schema or creates a separate 'cat' schema after learning the difference.
顺应：改变现有图式以适应不匹配的新信息。孩子在认识到差异后会修改“狗”图式或新建“猫”图式。
Object permanence: Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen. This is a milestone in the sensorimotor stage.
客体永久性：即便物体看不见它也依然存在的认知能力。这是感知运动阶段的一个里程碑。
Conservation: The understanding that quantity remains the same even when its appearance changes. For example, water poured into a tall thin glass is still the same amount.
守恒：懂得即使外观改变，数量仍保持不变的能力。例如，水倒入高瘦杯子后水量仍相同。
9. Emotion and Motivation Terms | 情绪与动机术语
Emotion: A complex state involving physiological arousal, cognitive appraisal, and expressive behaviour. Basic emotions include happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust.
情绪：一种涉及生理唤醒、认知评价和表达行为的复杂状态。基本情绪包括快乐、悲伤、恐惧、愤怒、惊讶和厌恶。
Motivation: The internal or external drive that initiates, directs, and maintains goal-oriented behaviour. It can be intrinsic (for personal satisfaction) or extrinsic (for external rewards).
动机：引发、引导并维持目标导向行为的内部或外部驱力。可以是内在动机（为个人满足）或外在动机（为外部奖励）。
Yerkes-Dodson Law: The principle that performance increases with arousal up to an optimal point, but then decreases if arousal becomes too high. Moderate arousal leads to best performance.
耶克斯-多德森定律：绩效随唤醒水平提高而上升，达到最佳点后如果唤醒过高则绩效下降的原理。中等唤醒带来最好表现。
Amygdala: A small almond-shaped brain structure involved in emotional processing, especially fear and aggression.
杏仁核：一个杏仁状的小型脑结构，涉及情绪加工，尤其是恐惧和攻击性。
10. Ethical Issues in Psychological Research | 心理学研究中的伦理议题
Informed consent: Participants must be fully informed about the procedures and any potential risks before they agree to take part. For participants under 16, parental consent is required.
知情同意：被试在同意参加前必须被充分告知研究程序和任何潜在风险。未满16岁的被试需要家长同意。
Right to withdraw: Participants must know they can leave a study at any time without penalty, and their data can be removed upon request.
退出权：被试必须知晓可以随时退出研究且不受惩罚，其数据也可按要求删除。
Confidentiality: Personal data must be kept private and not shared in ways that could identify the participant. Results are reported anonymously or using codes.
保密性：个人数据必须保持私密，不得以可识别被试身份的方式分享。结果以匿名或编码形式报告。
Debriefing: After the study, researchers must explain the true purpose, answer questions, and check for any harm. This is especially important if deception was used.
事后解说：研究结束后，研究者必须说明真实目的，回答问题，并检查是否造成伤害。若使用欺骗则尤为重要。
Protection from harm: Researchers must ensure participants are not exposed to greater physical or psychological risk than they would face in everyday life.
免受伤害：研究者必须确保被试不会面临比日常生活更大的身体或心理风险。
11. Mnemonic Tools for Psychology Vocabulary | 心理学词汇记忆术
Acronyms: Create a word from the first letters of a list of items. For example, the approaches can be remembered as 'B-C-S' (Biological, Cognitive, Behavioural, Social).
首字母缩略词：从一串项目首字母造出一个词。例如，各取向可记为“BCS”（生物、认知、行为、社会）。
Visual imagery: Link a term to a vivid mental image. To remember the bystander effect, picture a crowd of people frozen as statues while someone needs help.
视觉意象：将术语与生动的心理图像联系起来。要记住旁观者效应，想象一群人像雕像一样站着不动，而一旁有人需要帮助。
Chunking: Group several related terms together under a theme. Place encoding, storage and retrieval all under the 'memory process' chunk.
组块：将几个相关术语归入一个主题之下。把编码、存储和提取都放在“记忆过程”这个组块里。
Stories and examples: Embed a term in a short story. 'My dog's schema for “cat” had to accommodate when he met a squirrel' helps you recall assimilation vs accommodation.
故事与例子：将术语嵌入简短故事。“我的狗对‘猫’的图式在遇见松鼠时不得不顺应”帮你区分同化和顺应。
Dual coding: Combine words with diagrams or a quick sketch. Draw the multi-store model as three boxes with arrows to see and read the flow of memory.
双重编码：将文字与示意图或速写结合起来。画出多重储存模型三个方框加箭头，既看又读记忆流程。
12. Quick Check: Fill-in-the-Gap Definitions | 快速检测：填空定义
Use these sentence stems to quiz yourself. Cover the second line and try to complete the definition from memory.
用这些句子主干来自测。遮住第二行，尝试凭记忆完成定义。
Encoding is the process of... converting sensory information into a form that can be stored.
编码是将感觉信息……转换成可存储形式的过程。
Conformity involves... a change in behaviour due to group pressure.
从众涉及……因群体压力而导致的行为改变。
A hypothesis must be... a testable prediction about variables.
假设必须是一个……关于变量的可检验的预测。
The bystander effect explains why... people are less likely to help in a crowd.
旁观者效应解释了为什么……在人群中人们提供帮助的可能性降低。
Schema refers to... a mental framework that organises information.
图式指的是……组织信息的一种心理框架。
Reliability in research means... consistency of measurement across repeated trials.
研究中的信度意味着……重复试验中测量的一致性。
Keep practising these stems until the definitions become automatic. This works well as a pair activity or solo revision.
持续练习这些句子主干，直到定义脱口而出。这很适合作为结对活动或个人复习。
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