📚 A-Level CAIE Engineering: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | A-Level CAIE 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Engineering vocabulary can feel like a foreign language, but a solid grasp of key terms is essential for A-Level CAIE success. Many marks are lost not because the physics or the maths is wrong, but because the candidate used the wrong word, or could not decode the wording of the question. This bilingual guide breaks down the must-know terminology into ten topic clusters, pairing English definitions with Chinese translations and memory hooks. A final section adds revision and exam-technique strategies so that the words move from short-term recognition into long-term recall.
工程术语可能像一门陌生语言，但扎实掌握关键用语对 A-Level CAIE 考试至关重要。许多失分并非因为物理或数学算错，而是因为用词不当，或读不懂题干表述。这份双语指南将必知术语划分为十大主题板块，把英文定义与中文译义、记忆钩子搭配起来。最后一节补充复习与答题策略，帮助你把词汇从短期识别转化为长期记忆。
1. Mechanical Properties | 力学性能术语
Understanding how a material behaves under load is the foundation of every engineering decision, so mechanical property words must become automatic. These terms also drive the material-selection questions that appear in almost every paper.
理解材料在载荷下的行为是一切工程决策的基础，因此力学性能词汇必须做到条件反射式掌握。这些术语也直接决定几乎每套试卷都会出现的材料选型题。
Strength – the ability of a material to withstand an applied load without failing. A 'strong' material carries load; that is not the same as being hard.
强度 – 材料承受外加荷载而不断裂的能力。'强度高' 指能承载，并不等于 '硬度高'。
Hardness – resistance to localised indentation or scratching, often measured by the Brinell or Rockwell test. Think of a 'hard enamel' coating to recall that hardness protects a surface.
硬度 – 抵抗局部压痕或划痕的能力，常用布氏或洛氏试验测量。联想 '硬珐琅' 涂层，记住硬度保护表面。
Toughness – the ability to absorb energy up to the point of fracture, blending strength with ductility. Imagine a tough car bumper that crumples without breaking.
韧性 – 断裂前吸收能量的能力，是强度与延展性的结合。想象韧性汽车保险杠能皱缩却不断裂。
Ductility – the ability to be drawn out into wires without fracture; copper and mild steel are classic examples.
延展性 – 能被拉拔成丝而不断裂的能力；铜与低碳钢是经典例子。
Malleability – the ability to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets without cracking, as in aluminium foil.
可锻性 – 能被锤打或轧制成薄片而不开裂的能力，如铝箔。
Elasticity – the ability to return to the original shape once the load is removed; rubber is the obvious case.
弹性 – 卸载后恢复原形状的能力；橡胶是最直观的例子。
Brittleness – little or no plastic deformation before fracture; cast iron and glass shatter suddenly.
脆性 – 断裂前几乎没有塑性变形；铸铁与玻璃会突然碎裂。
Stiffness – resistance to elastic deformation, described quantitatively by Young's modulus.
刚度 – 抵抗弹性变形的能力，用杨氏模量定量描述。
Fatigue – failure after many repeated stress cycles at a stress below the ultimate strength, common in axles and springs.
疲劳 – 在低于极限强度的循环应力下反复作用后发生的破坏，常见于车轴与弹簧。
Creep – slow, permanent deformation under a constant load, especially at high temperature, as in turbine blades.
蠕变 – 恒定荷载下缓慢且永久的变形，高温下尤其明显，如涡轮叶片。
2. Stress, Strain and Elasticity | 应力、应变与弹性
This cluster supplies the numerical backbone of materials questions. Marks are awarded for the correct symbol, the correct unit and the correct substitution, so learn them together rather than separately.
这一板块构成材料类计算题的骨架。得分点在于正确的符号、正确的单位与正确的代入，因此要成组记忆，而非孤立背诵。
Stress (σ) – internal resistance per unit area, defined as force divided by cross-sectional area, measured in pascals (Pa) or N mm⁻².
应力（σ） – 单位面积上的内力抵抗，定义为力除以横截面积，单位为帕斯卡（Pa）或 N mm⁻²。
Strain (ε) – the fractional change in length, extension divided by original length; it has no unit.
应变（ε） – 长度的相对变化量，即伸长量除以原长；没有单位。
Young's modulus (E) – the ratio of stress to strain in the linear elastic region, a measure of stiffness, measured in GPa.
杨氏模量（E） – 线弹性区内应力与应变之比，衡量刚度，单位为 GPa。
σ = F ÷ A ε = ΔL ÷ L₀ E = σ ÷ ε
Hooke's law – proportional to the applied force, provided the elastic limit is not exceeded; F = k × x.
胡克定律 – 在不超过弹性极限的前提下，伸长量与外力成正比；F = k × x。
Elastic limit – the maximum stress for which the material still returns to its original length.
弹性极限 – 材料卸载后仍能恢复原长的最大应力。
Yield point – the stress at which a large increase in strain occurs with little increase in stress; permanent deformation begins.
屈服点 – 应力几乎不再增加而应变大幅增加的应力点；永久变形由此开始。
Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) – the maximum stress the material can withstand before necking and fracture.
极限抗拉强度（UTS） – 材料在颈缩与断裂前所能承受的最大应力。
Plastic deformation – permanent change of shape that remains after the load is removed.
塑性变形 – 卸载后仍然保留的永久形状改变。
3. Materials and Material Testing | 材料与材料试验
Classification words help you justify a choice, while testing words explain how the properties were obtained. Examiners frequently ask you to 'describe a suitable test' and reward precise equipment names.
分类词汇帮你论证选材理由，试验词汇解释性能数据从何而来。考官常要求 '描述一种合适的试验'，写出准确的设备名称才能得分。
Ferrous / non-ferrous – containing iron / not containing iron; mild steel is ferrous, aluminium is non-ferrous.
黑色金属 / 有色金属 – 含铁 / 不含铁；低碳钢属黑色金属，铝属有色金属。
Alloy – a mixture of two or more metals, or a metal with a non-metal, designed to improve properties; brass is copper plus zinc.
合金 – 两种或多种金属（或金属与非金属）的混合物，用于改善性能；黄铜即铜加锌。
Polymer – a long-chain molecule built from repeating units; thermoplastics soften on reheating, thermosets do not.
聚合物 – 由重复单元构成的长链分子；热塑性塑料可反复加热软化，热固性塑料不能。
Composite – two or more distinct materials combined to give properties neither has alone, such as carbon fibre reinforced polymer.
复合材料 – 两种或多种性质不同的材料复合，获得单一材料不具备的性能，如碳纤维增强塑料。
Tensile test – a specimen is pulled in a universal testing machine until it fractures, producing a stress-strain curve.
拉伸试验 – 在万能试验机上拉试样直至断裂，得到应力-应变曲线。
Impact test (Izod / Charpy) – a swinging pendulum striker breaks a notched specimen; the energy absorbed indicates toughness.
冲击试验（艾氏 / 夏氏） – 摆锤冲断带缺口试样，吸收的能量表征韧性。
Non-destructive testing (NDT) – inspection that does not damage the part, including dye penetrant, ultrasonic, radiographic and eddy-current methods.
无损检测（NDT） – 不损伤工件的检验方法，包括渗透探伤、超声、射线与涡流检测。
4. Static Systems and Forces | 静力学系统与力
Statics questions are worded very tightly: a 'moment' is not a 'force', and an 'equilibrium' condition is not the same as 'balanced'. Precise vocabulary protects you from losing method marks.
静力学题目的表述非常严格：'力矩' 不等于 '力'，'平衡条件' 也不等于 '受力均衡'。用词精确才能避免丢掉方法分。
Force – a push or pull that tends to change the motion or shape of a body, measured in newtons (N).
力 – 趋向于改变物体运动状态或形状的推或拉，单位为牛顿（N）。
Moment (torque) – the turning effect of a force about a point, equal to force multiplied by the perpendicular distance from the pivot.
力矩（转矩） – 力对某点的转动效应，等于力乘以力到支点的垂直距离。
Couple – two equal, opposite and parallel forces whose lines of action are separated, producing pure rotation.
力偶 – 两个大小相等、方向相反且平行的力，作用线分离，只产生转动效应。
M = F × d ΣM(clockwise) = ΣM(anticlockwise)
Equilibrium – the state in which the resultant force and the resultant moment on a body are both zero.
平衡 – 物体所受合力与合力矩均为零的状态。
Resultant – the single force that has the same effect as all the applied forces combined.
合力 – 与所有外力共同作用效果相同的单一力。
Resolution of forces – splitting a force into perpendicular components, usually horizontal and vertical, using sine and cosine.
力的分解 – 将力分解为互相垂直的分量，通常为水平与竖直方向，用正弦和余弦计算。
Free body diagram – a sketch of the body alone with every external force drawn as an arrow from its point of application.
受力图 – 只画出该物体，并用箭头标出所有外力及其作用点。
Friction – the force opposing relative sliding between surfaces; the limiting value equals the coefficient of friction times the normal reaction.
摩擦力 – 阻止两表面相对滑动的力；极限值等于摩擦系数乘以法向反力。
5. Dynamics, Energy and Power | 动力学、能量与功率
Motion and energy terms are used across mechanics, mechanisms and electrical questions, so the same symbols keep reappearing. Memorise the quantity, the symbol and the SI unit as one triple.
运动与能量词汇贯穿力学、机构与电气题目，同样的符号会反复出现。要把物理量、符号与 SI 单位作为一个三元组一起记。
Displacement – distance moved in a specified direction; a vector, measured in metres.
位移 – 沿指定方向移动的距离；矢量，单位为米。
Velocity / acceleration – rate of change of displacement / rate of change of velocity, in m s⁻¹ and m s⁻².
速度 / 加速度 – 位移变化率 / 速度变化率，单位分别为 m s⁻¹ 与 m s⁻²。
Momentum – mass multiplied by velocity, in kg m s⁻¹; it is conserved in collisions without external forces.
动量 – 质量乘以速度，单位 kg m s⁻¹；无外力时碰撞中守恒。
= u + a × t s = u × t + ½ × a × t² v² = u² + 2 × a × s
KE = ½ × m × v² PE = m × g × h P = W ÷ t = F × v
Work done – energy transferred when a force moves its point of application, in joules.
做功 – 力使其作用点发生位移时转移的能量，单位为焦耳。
Power – the rate of doing work or transferring energy, in watts (1 W = 1 J s⁻¹).
功率 – 做功或传递能量的速率，单位为瓦特（1 W = 1 J s⁻¹）。
Efficiency – useful output divided by total input, usually expressed as a percentage; it is always below 100% in real systems.
效率 – 有用输出除以总输入，通常用百分比表示；实际系统中永远低于 100%。
6. Mechanisms and Motion | 机构与运动
Mechanism questions mix descriptive language with ratio calculations. Learn the pair 'input / output' because nearly every definition in this cluster is built on it.
机构题目把描述性语言与传动比计算混在一起。务必牢记 '输入 / 输出' 这一对词，因为本板块几乎每个定义都建立在它上面。
Gear ratio – the ratio of teeth on the driven gear to teeth on the driver gear; it determines speed and torque change.
齿轮传动比 – 从动齿轮齿数与主动齿轮齿数之比；它决定转速与转矩的变化。
Velocity ratio (VR) – input distance moved divided by output distance moved for the same time interval.
速度比（VR） – 相同时间内输入位移除以输出位移。
Mechanical advantage (MA) – vided by effort; ideal machines give MA = VR, real machines give less because of friction.
机械利益（MA） – 负载除以施加力；理想机械 MA = VR，实际机械因摩擦而更小。
Cam and follower – a rotating profile converts rotary motion into reciprocating motion; the profile shape controls the displacement diagram.
凸轮与从动件 – 旋转轮廓把回转运动转换为往复运动；轮廓形状决定位移曲线。
Crank and slider – converts rotation into straight-line reciprocation, as in an engine piston.
曲柄滑块机构 – 把旋转转换为直线往复运动，如发动机活塞。
Belt and pulley drive – transmits motion between shafts; crossed belts reverse direction, open belts keep it the same.
带传动 – 在轴之间传递运动；交叉带改变转向，开口带保持同向。
Rack and pinion – converts rotation into linear motion, used in steering systems.
齿轮齿条 – 把旋转转换为直线运动，用于转向系统。
Bearing and lubrication – reduce friction and wear between moving surfaces; lubrication also carries heat away.
轴承与润滑 – 减少运动表面间的摩擦与磨损；润滑还能带走热量。
7. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Process names are often the whole answer to a 'name a suitable method' question, so spelling and precision matter. Group them by whether the material is shaped hot, shaped cold, joined or removed.
在 '写出一种合适的方法' 类题目中，工艺名称本身往往就是全部答案，因此拼写与准确度至关重要。可按热成形、冷成形、连接、去除四类分组记忆。
Casting – molten metal is poured into a mould and solidifies; suitable for complex shapes such as engine blocks.
铸造 – 将熔融金属浇入铸型后凝固；适合发动机缸体等复杂形状。
Forging – shaping metal by compressive force, which aligns the grain flow and improves strength.
锻造 – 用压缩力成形金属，使晶粒流向一致并提高强度。
Extrusion – material is forced through a die to produce a continuous constant cross-section, such as window frames.
挤压 – 将材料强制通过模具，得到连续等截面型材，如窗框。
Injection moulding – molten thermoplastic is injected into a closed mould; ideal for high-volume identical parts.
注射成型 – 将熔融热塑性塑料注入闭合模具；适合大批量相同零件。
Machining – material removal by turning, milling or drilling; very accurate but generates waste.
机加工 – 通过车削、铣削或钻孔去除材料；精度高但产生废料。
Welding / brazing / soldering – joining processes differing in temperature: welding melts the parent metal, brazing and soldering do not.
焊接 / 钎焊 / 软钎焊 – 温度不同的连接工艺：焊接熔化母材，钎焊与软钎焊不熔化母材。
Additive manufacturing – building a part layer by layer from a digital model; excellent for prototypes and one-offs.
增材制造 – 由数字模型逐层堆积成形；非常适合原型与单件生产。
Tolerance / allowance – tolerance is the permitted variation in a dimension, allowance is the intentional difference between mating parts.
公差 / 配合余量 – 公差是尺寸允许的变动量，配合余量是配合件之间故意设置的差值。
8. Electrical and Electronic Principles | 电气与电子原理
Electrical vocabulary rewards exact quantity names, because current, voltage and power are constantly confused in written answers. Keep the units attached to the words.
电气词汇奖励准确的物理量名称，因为书面答案中电流、电压与功率经常被混用。把单位与名词绑定记忆。
Current (I) – the rate of flow of charge, in amperes; it is the same at all points in a series circuit.
电流（I） – 电荷流动的速率，单位为安培；串联电路中各处相同。
Potential difference (V) – energy transferred per unit charge between two points, in volts.
电位差（V） – 两点之间每单位电荷转移的能量，单位为伏特。
Resistance (R) – opposition to current flow, in ohms; Ohm's law states V = I × R at constant temperature.
电阻（R） – 对电流的阻碍作用，单位为欧姆；欧姆定律指出恒温下 V = I × R。
nbsp; P = V × I = I² × R 1 ÷ Rₜ = 1 ÷ R₁ + 1 ÷ R₂ (parallel)
Sensor and actuator – a sensor converts a physical quantity into an electrical signal; an actuator converts a signal into physical action.
传感器与执行器 – 传感器把物理量转换为电信号；执行器把信号转换为物理动作。
Open-loop / closed-loop – open-loop has no feedback, closed-loop compares output with a set point and corrects the error.
开环 / 闭环 – 开环无反馈，闭环将输出与设定值比较并修正偏差。
9. Engineering Drawing and CAD/CAM | 工程制图与 CAD/CAM
Drawing terms appear in short-answer questions as well as in project work. Using the correct projection name shows the examiner you understand conventions, not just pictures.
制图术语既出现在简答题中，也出现在项目作业里。写出正确的投影名称，能向考官表明你理解的是制图规范，而不仅是画图。
Orthographic projection – separate front, plan and side views arranged in first-angle or third-angle layout.
正投影 – 分别画出主视图、俯视图与侧视图，按第一角法或第三角法排布。
Isometric view – a
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