📚 A-Level CAIE Sociology: Key Terms Memorisation Guide | A-Level CAIE 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
Sociology is a vocabulary-rich subject where examiners expect precise use of key concepts. This revision guide simplifies essential CAIE A-Level terms and provides memory hooks to help you retain them for the exam.
社会学是一门词汇丰富的学科，考官期望你精确使用关键概念。本复习指南简化了CAIE A-Level的基本术语，并提供记忆挂钩，帮助你在考试中记住它们。
1. Socialisation and Culture | 社会化与文化
Socialisation refers to the lifelong process of acquiring the norms, values, and social skills needed to participate in society. Primary socialisation occurs in the family, where children first learn language and basic behavioural expectations. Secondary socialisation continues through institutions like schools and the media.
社会化是指获取参与社会所需的规范、价值观和社交技能的终身过程。初级社会化发生在家庭中，儿童在那里首次学习语言和基本行为期待。次级社会化则通过学校和媒体等机构继续进行。
Norms are the unwritten rules of conduct, such as saying 'please' and 'thank you'. Values are deeper beliefs about what is good or desirable, like honesty and respect. Together they regulate social life.
规范是不成文的举止准则，例如说"请"和"谢谢"。价值观是关于什么是好的或可取的更深层信念，如诚实和尊重。它们共同调节社会生活。
Culture consists of all the shared products of a society: language, beliefs, art, and even everyday practices. A subculture, such as a youth subculture, develops distinct symbols and norms while still belonging to the dominant culture.
文化包括一个社会的所有共享产物：语言、信仰、艺术乃至日常实践。亚文化（如青年亚文化）在仍属于主流文化的同时，发展出独特的符号和规范。
Memory aid: Think of socialisation as society-making -- you are being moulded into a member. For norms, recall 'normal'; for values, think 'valuable'.
记忆辅助：将 社会化 想象成 社会制造 —— 你正被塑造成一名成员。对于规范，联想"正常"；对于价值观，联想"有价值"。
2. Identity and the Self | 身份与自我
Identity is how we see ourselves and how others see us. Social identity is derived from group membership, such as ethnicity, gender, or class. Personal identity involves unique traits.
身份是我们如何看待自己以及他人如何看待我们。社会身份源自群体成员身份，如民族、性别或阶级。个人身份则涉及独特特质。
The concept of the 'looking-glass self' (Cooley) explains that we develop our self-image based on how we think others perceive us. Labelling theory extends this by showing how labels can become a self-fulfilling prophecy -- if a person is repeatedly called 'troublemaker', they may internalise that label.
"镜中自我"（库利）的概念解释说，我们基于我们认为他人对我们的看法来发展自我形象。标签理论进一步表明，标签如何成为自我实现的预言——如果一个人反复被称为"捣蛋鬼"，他们可能内化该标签。
Master status is the overriding characteristic that dominates a person's identity, such as being a doctor or a criminal. It can overshadow other attributes.
主要身份是主导个人身份的首要特征，如医生或罪犯。它会掩盖其他属性。
Memory trick: For 'looking-glass self', imagine holding a mirror up to society and seeing reflected judgments. Link 'label' to the sticker that sticks and shapes behaviour.
记忆窍门：对于"镜中自我"，想象举起一面镜子面对社会，看到反射的评判。将"标签"与贴上去并塑造行为的贴纸联系起来。
3. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Social stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals based on factors like class, status, and power. It involves inequality that persists across generations. Key forms include class systems (open mobility) and
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