📚 Year 12 Cambridge Biology: Terminology Memorization Guide | Year 12 Cambridge 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the vast terminology of Year 12 Cambridge Biology is essential both for understanding concepts and for scoring well in exams. This guide breaks down key terms using word roots, prefixes and suffixes, together with memory hooks. Each section covers one core topic, presenting terms with mnemonics and bilingual explanations so that vocabulary learning accelerates rather than slows your revision.
掌握 Year 12 剑桥生物中大量术语，对于理解概念和取得好成绩都至关重要。本指南利用词根、前缀、后缀以及巧妙的记忆钩子来拆解关键术语。每个部分涵盖一个核心主题，用记忆法和双语解释呈现术语，让词汇学习加速而不是拖慢你的复习。
1. Cell Structure and Organelles | 细胞结构与细胞器
In cell biology, most organelle names are built from Greek or Latin roots. Decode the root and you gain a built-in clue to that organelle's job in the exam.
在细胞生物学中，大多数细胞器名称由希腊语或拉丁语词根构成。破译词根，你就获得了一条提示该细胞器功能的内置线索。
Nucleus: from Latin 'nucleus' (little nut). It stores the cell's DNA and coordinates activities such as growth and reproduction.
细胞核：源自拉丁语 'nucleus'（小坚果）。它储存细胞的DNA，协调生长和繁殖等活动。
Mitochondrion: 'mitos' (thread) + 'chondrion' (granule). The powerhouse of the cell and the site of aerobic respiration producing ATP. Think of a 'mighty thread granule' making energy.
线粒体：'mitos'（线）+ 'chondrion'（颗粒）。细胞的动力车间，有氧呼吸产生ATP的场所。可联想"强壮的线状颗粒"在制造能量。
Ribosome: 'ribo-' from ribonucleic acid + 'soma' (body). The site of protein synthesis; free ribosomes make proteins used inside the cell, while ribosomes on the rough ER make proteins for export.
核糖体：'ribo-' 来自核糖核酸 + 'soma'（小体）。蛋白质合成的场所；游离核糖体合成细胞内使用的蛋白质，粗面内质网上的核糖体合成用于外运的蛋白质。
Endoplasmic reticulum: 'endo' (within) + 'plasma' (formed) + 'reticulum' (little net). Rough ER folds and transports proteins; smooth ER synthesises lipids and steroids.
内质网：'endo'（在内）+ 'plasma'（成形的）+ 'reticulum'（小网）。粗面内质网折叠并运输蛋白质；滑面内质网合成脂质和类固醇。
Golgi apparatus: named after Camillo Golgi; 'apparatus' means equipment. It modifies, packages and secretes proteins, and produces lysosomes.
高尔基体：以 Camillo Golgi 命名；'apparatus' 意为装置。它对蛋白质进行修饰、包装和分泌，并产生溶酶体。
Lysosome: 'lysis' (splitting) + 'soma' (body). Contains hydrolytic enzymes that digest worn-out organelles and material taken in by phagocytosis.
溶酶体：'lysis'（裂解）+ 'soma'（小体）。含水解酶，可消化衰老的细胞器和通过吞噬作用摄入的物质。
Chloroplast: 'chloros' (green) + 'plast' (formed). The site of photosynthesis, containing thylakoid membranes stacked into grana and a fluid stroma.
叶绿体：'chloros'（绿色）+ 'plast'（成形的）。光合作用的场所，含堆叠成基粒的类囊体膜和液态基质。
Vacuole: from Latin 'vacuus' (empty). A plant vacuole stores cell sap, maintains turgor and may contain pigments or hydrolytic enzymes.
液泡：源自拉丁语 'vacuus'（空的）。植物液泡储存细胞液、维持膨压，也可能含色素或水解酶。
magnification = image size ÷ actual size
Rearranging this formula before substituting saves many lost marks; always convert both measurements to the same unit first.
代入数据前先对这个公式进行移项，可以避免大量失分；务必先把两个测量值换算为同一单位。
2. Biological Molecules and Food Tests | 生物分子与食品检测
Biological molecules are built by condensation and broken down by hydrolysis. Three prefixes unlock the whole topic: 'mono-' (one), 'di-' (two) and 'poly-' (many).
生物分子通过缩合反应合成、通过水解反应分解。三个前缀可打开整个主题：'mono-'（一）、'di-'（二）和 'poly-'（多）。
Carbohydrate: 'carbo' (carbon) + 'hydrate' (water). The empirical formula Cₙ(H₂O)ₙ shows hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio, exactly as in water.
碳水化合物：'carbo'（碳）+ 'hydrate'（水）。经验式 Cₙ(H₂O)ₙ 显示氢与氧的比例为 2:1，与水完全一致。
Condensation reaction: from 'condensare' (to make dense). Two monomers join, releasing one water molecule and forming a glycosidic bond.
缩合反应：源自 'condensare'（使变密）。两个单体连接，释放一分子水并形成糖苷键。
Hydrolysis: 'hydro' (water) + 'lysis' (splitting). Water is used to break a bond; it is the exact reverse of condensation.
水解：'hydro'（水）+ 'lysis'（裂解）。消耗水来断裂化学键，恰好是缩合反应的逆过程。
Glucose: from Greek 'glykys' (sweet). α-glucose and β-glucose differ only in the position of the -OH group on carbon 1, which determines whether starch or cellulose is formed.
葡萄糖：源自希腊语 'glykys'（甜的）。α-葡萄糖与 β-葡萄糖仅在第 1 位碳上 -OH 的位置不同，这决定了形成淀粉还是纤维素。
Lipid: from 'lipos' (fat). One glycerol plus three fatty acids joined by ester bonds form a triglyceride; fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated.
脂质：源自 'lipos'（脂肪）。一分子甘油与三分子脂肪酸通过酯键形成甘油三酯；脂肪酸可以是饱和的或不饱和的。
Protein: from 'proteios' (primary, first). Amino acids linked by peptide bonds fold into primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures - 'quater' means four.
蛋白质：源自 'proteios'（首要的）。氨基酸经肽键连接后折叠成一级、二级、三级和四级结构——'quater' 意为四。
| Test 检测 | Target 检测对象 | Positive result 阳性结果 |
| Benedict's solution 本尼迪特试剂 | Reducing sugar 还原糖 | Blue → green → yellow → orange → brick-red precipitate 蓝色→绿→黄→橙→砖红色沉淀 |
| Iodine in potassium iodide 碘-碘化钾溶液 | style="border:1px
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