📚 GCSE CIE Science: End-of-Term Revision Checklist | GCSE CIE 科学：期末复习提纲
As the end of term approaches, a structured revision plan can make all the difference. This checklist covers the core topics in the CIE GCSE Science syllabus, helping you identify strengths and gaps before the final exams.
随着学期末的临近，一份系统的复习提纲至关重要。本提纲涵盖了 CIE GCSE 科学课程的核心主题，帮助你在期末考试前找准优势与薄弱环节。
1. Cells, Tissues, and Organ Systems | 细胞、组织与器官系统
Compare plant and animal cells: plant cells have a cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large permanent vacuole, while animal cells lack these structures.
比较植物细胞与动物细胞：植物细胞具有纤维素细胞壁、叶绿体和一个大液泡，而动物细胞没有这些结构。
Know the functions of key organelles: nucleus controls the cell, mitochondria release energy through respiration, ribosomes synthesise proteins, and chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis.
掌握关键细胞器的功能：细胞核控制细胞活动，线粒体通过呼吸作用释放能量，核糖体合成蛋白质，叶绿体进行光合作用。
Understand the levels of organisation: specialised cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs work together in organ systems (e.g. the digestive system).
理解组织层次：特化的细胞构成组织，组织构成器官，器官协同工作形成器官系统（如消化系统）。
Recognise examples of specialised cells, such as red blood cells (biconcave shape for oxygen transport) and root hair cells (large surface area for water absorption).
识别特化细胞的例子，例如红细胞（双凹圆饼状利于氧气运输）和根毛细胞（扩大表面积以吸收水分）。
2. Movement of Substances and Enzymes | 物质运输与酶
Define diffusion as the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration; it is a passive process used in gas exchange and nutrient uptake.
扩散是指粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，是一种被动过程，用于气体交换和营养吸收。
Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane, from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution.
渗透是水分子通过半透膜的扩散，从稀溶液向浓溶液移动。
Active transport requires energy to move substances against a concentration gradient, as seen in the uptake of mineral ions by root hairs.
主动运输需要能量将物质逆浓度梯度运送，如根毛吸收矿物质离子。
Enzymes are biological catalysts; describe how temperature and pH affect enzyme activity, and explain the lock-and-key model for substrate specificity.
酶是生物催化剂；描述温度和 pH 如何影响酶活性，并解释底物特异性的锁钥模型。
3. Biological Molecules and Human Nutrition | 生物分子与人类营养
Recall tests for key nutrients: iodine solution turns blue-black with starch, Biuret reagent turns purple for proteins, and ethanol emulsion gives a cloudy layer for lipids.
回忆关键营养物质的检验：碘液遇淀粉变蓝黑色，双缩脲试剂遇蛋白质变紫色，乙醇乳浊液试验脂质出现浑浊层。
Vitamin C can be detected using DCPIP solution; the blue dye is decolourised by the vitamin.
维生素 C 可用 DCPIP 溶液检测；蓝色染料会被维生素 C 脱色。
Outline the human digestive system: mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine; know the roles of amylase, protease, and lipase in breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
概述人体消化系统：口腔、食道、胃、小肠、大肠；了解淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶在分解碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪中的作用。
Explain how food is moved along the gut by peristalsis and how villi in the small intestine increase absorption surface area.
解释食物如何通过蠕动沿肠道移动，以及小肠绒毛如何增加吸收表面积。
4. Plant Transport and Gas Exchange | 植物运输与气体交换
Xylem vessels transport water and mineral ions from roots to leaves; the flow is driven by transpiration pull and cohesion-tension.
木质部导管将水和矿物质离子从根运输到叶；流动由蒸腾拉力和内聚力-张力驱动。
Phloem tissue transports sucrose and amino acids in both directions, a process called translocation.
韧皮部组织双向运输蔗糖和氨基酸，这一过程称为转运。
Describe the mechanism of breathing in humans: inhalation involves diaphragm contraction and rib cage movement to decrease pressure, drawing air into the lungs.
描述人体呼吸机制：吸气时膈肌收缩、肋骨上升，降低胸腔压力，将空气吸入肺中。
₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O; know that anaerobic respiration in muscles produces lactic acid.
写出有氧呼吸的文字和配平符号方程式：C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O；知道肌肉中的无氧呼吸产生乳酸。
5. Coordination and Response | 协调与反应
Outline the nervous system: receptors detect stimuli, sensory neurones carry impulses to the CNS, and motor neurones bring about responses in effectors.
概述神经系统：感受器探测刺激，感觉神经元将冲动传至中枢神经系统，运动神经元引起效应器产生反应。
Describe a reflex arc as a rapid, involuntary pathway that bypasses the conscious brain, involving relay neurones in the spinal cord.
描述反射弧是绕过意识大脑的快速非自主通路，涉及脊髓中的中间神经元。
Give examples of hormonal control: adrenaline prepares the body for ‘fight or flight’; insulin lowers blood glucose by promoting glycogen formation.
举例说明激素调控：肾上腺素让身体做好“战斗或逃跑”准备；胰岛素通过促进糖原形成降低血糖。
Explain tropisms in plants: shoots grow towards light (positive phototropism) due to unequal distribution of auxin, while roots show positive gravitropism.
解释植物的向性：由于生长素分布不均，茎向光生长（正向光性），根表现出正向地性。
6. Reproduction and Inheritance | 生殖与遗传
Distinguish between sexual reproduction (involves gametes and fertilisation, produces variation) and asexual reproduction (one parent, genetically identical offspring).
区分有性生殖（涉及配子和受精，产生变异）和无性生殖（单亲，后代基因相同）。
Structure of DNA: a double helix made of nucleotides with bases A, T, C, G; a gene is a section of DNA coding for a protein.
DNA 结构：由核苷酸组成的双螺旋，碱基为 A、T、C、G；基因是编码蛋白质的一段 DNA。
Use genetic diagrams to predict outcomes of monohybrid crosses; understand terms dominant, recessive, homozygous and heterozygous.
运用遗传图解预测单基因杂交结果；理解显性、隐性、纯合子和杂合子等术语。
Explain natural selection: organisms with advantageous alleles are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those alleles to the next generation.
解释自然选择：具有有利等位基因的生物更可能存活并繁殖，将这些等位基因传递给后代。
7. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds | 原子、元素与化合物
Describe the structure of an atom: central nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in energy shells.
描述原子结构：中心原子核含质子和中子，核外电子按能层排列。
Use the Periodic Table to identify elements, groups, and periods; group number indicates the number of outer-shell electrons for main-group elements.
使用周期表识别元素、族和周期；主族元素族数等于最外层电子数。
Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons to form positive and negative ions (e.g. Na⁺ and Cl⁻), which are held together by strong electrostatic forces.
离子键涉及电子转移形成正负离子（如 Na⁺ 和 Cl⁻），它们通过强静电力结合在一起。
Covalent bonding is the sharing of electron pairs between non-metal atoms; draw dot-and-cross diagrams for simple molecules like H₂O, CO₂, and CH₄.
共价键是非金属原子间共用电子对；画出 H₂O、CO₂ 和 CH₄ 等简单分子的点叉图。
8. Chemical Reactions, Acids, Bases, and Salts | 化学反应、酸、碱与盐
Write and balance chemical equations, using state symbols (s), (l), (g), (aq) to indicate physical states.
书写并配平化学方程式，使用状态符号 (s)、(l)、(g)、(aq) 表示物理状态。
ut simple mole calculations using the relationship: mass (g) = moles × molar mass (g/mol).
使用关系式质量(g) = 摩尔 × 摩尔质量(g/mol) 进行简单摩尔计算。
Define acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors; neutralisation reactions produce a salt and water.
定义酸为质子给予体，碱为质子接受体；中和反应生成盐和水。
Describe how to prepare a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt (e.g. copper(II) sulfate) by reacting an acid with an insoluble base and crystallisation.
描述通过酸与不溶性碱反应、结晶法制备纯净干燥的可溶性盐（如硫酸铜）样品。
9. Motion, Forces, and Energy | 运动、力与能量
all and use the equation: speed = distance ÷ time; distinguish between speed and velocity.
回忆并运用公式：速度 = 距离 ÷ 时间；区分速率和速度。
Define acceleration and use the formula: acceleration = change in velocity ÷ time taken.
定义加速度并使用公式：加速度 = 速度变化量 ÷ 所用时间。
Describe the effects of balanced and unbalanced forces; understand Newton's first law (inertia) and second law (F = ma).
描述平衡力与非平衡力的效果；理解牛顿第一定律（惯性）和第二定律（F = ma）。
rmal; energy is conserved and can be calculated for falling objects: KE = ½mv², GPE = mgh.
识别能量的储存与转移：动能、重力势能、热能；能量守恒，可计算下落物体的能量：KE = ½mv²，GPE = mgh。
10. Waves, Electricity, and Radioactivity | 波、电与放射性
ve (amplitude, wavelength) and use the wave equation: wave speed = frequency × wavelength.
标出横波的振幅、波长等部分，并使用波动方程：波速 = 频率 × 波长。
List the electromagnetic spectrum in order of increasing frequency: radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma.
按频率递增顺序列出电磁波谱：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线、伽马射线。
Draw and interpret circuit diagrams using standard symbols; apply Ohm's law: voltage = current × resistance (V = IR).
使用标准符号绘制并解读电路图；应用欧姆定律：电压 = 电流 × 电阻（V = IR）。
Distinguish between series and parallel circuits: in series, current is the same everywhere; in parallel, the total current is the sum of branch currents.
区分串联和并联电路：串联电路中各处电流相等；并联电路中总电流等于各支路电流之和。
Describe alpha, beta, and gamma radiation in terms of nature, penetrating power, and ionising ability; know that radioactive decay is a random process.
就本质、穿透能力和电离能力描述 α、β、γ 辐射；知道放射性衰变是随机过程。
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