📚 San Marino: The World's Oldest Republic | 圣马力诺：世界上最古老的共和国
San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino, sits in southern Europe and is widely recognised as the oldest surviving republic in the world. This microstate lies in the north-eastern part of the Italian peninsula, close to the Adriatic coast, and is entirely surrounded by Italy.
圣马力诺，正式名称为圣马力诺共和国，坐落于欧洲南部，是全球公认最古老的共和国之一。这个袖珍国家地处意大利半岛东北部，亚得里亚海沿岸，四周被意大利环抱。
It is known for its beautiful natural scenery, deep historical roots and a political system that exists nowhere else. With a territory of less than 60 square kilometres and a population of only about 30,000, it still offers an extraordinary amount to see. This article looks at its location, its founding legend, its long record of independence, its two-head-of-state government, its mountain landscape, its old town, its UNESCO status, its duty-free shopping and its everyday life.
它以秀美的自然风光、深厚的历史底蕴和别具一格的政治制度著称。国土面积不足60平方公里，人口仅约3万，却蕴藏着丰富的旅游资源。本文将依次梳理它的地理位置、建国传说、独立历程、双元首政府、山地景观、古老城区、世界遗产地位、免税购物与日常生活。
1. Where Is San Marino? | 圣马力诺在哪里
San Marino is a landlocked country in southern Europe, lying in the north-eastern section of the Italian peninsula near the Adriatic coast. It is what geographers call an enclave: the entire national territory is enclosed within another state, in this case Italy. To the north, west and east lies the province of Rimini in the Emilia-Romagna region, while the southern border meets the Marche region.
圣马力诺是欧洲南部的一个内陆国，位于意大利半岛东北部、靠近亚得里亚海一带。地理学上它属于"飞地"式国家：全部国土都被另一个国家包围，这个国家就是意大利。它的北部、西部和东部与艾米利亚-罗马涅大区里米尼省接壤，南部边界则与马尔凯大区相连。
- Official name: Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino (Most Serene Republic of San Marino)
- Region: Southern Europe, Italian peninsula
- Neighbour: Italy only
- Distance to the sea: roughly 10 km from the Adriatic coast
- 正式名称：圣马力诺最庄严共和国（Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino）
- 所在区域：欧洲南部，意大利半岛
- 邻国：仅意大利一国
- 距海距离：距亚得里亚海海岸约10公里
Because it has no sea coast and no airport of its own, travellers usually arrive through the Italian city of Rimini and then climb inland towards Monte Titano. The country is small enough to cross by car in well under an hour, yet its position on a fortified mountain made it historically very difficult to attack.
由于没有海岸线，也没有自己的机场，游客通常先抵达意大利城市里米尼，再向内陆登上蒂塔诺山。这个国家小到开车不到一小时就能穿过，但它建在易守难攻的山地之上，这一地理条件在历史上极难被攻破。
2. A Country in Numbers | 数字中的圣马力诺
The scale of San Marino is striking. Its total area is about 61 square kilometres, and its population is around 33,000, which makes it one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe by both measures. The capital is the city of San Marino, and the official language is Italian.
圣马力诺的规模令人印象深刻。国土总面积约61平方公里，人口约33,000人，无论按面积还是人口衡量，它都是欧洲最小的主权国家之一。首都是圣马力诺市，官方语言为意大利语。
| Area 面积 | about 61 km²（约61平方公里） |
| Population 人口 | about 33,000（约3.3万） |
| Capital 首都 | City of San Marino（圣马力诺市） |
| Official language 官方语言 | Italian（意大利语） |
| Currency 货币 | Euro €（欧元） |
| Highest point 最高点 | Monte Titano, 739 m（蒂塔诺山，739米） |
| Traditional founding date 传统建国日 | 3 September 301 AD（公元301年9月3日） |
The country is divided into nine municipalities known as castelli, including Serravalle, Borgo Maggiore, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Acquaviva, Chiesanuova, Montegiardino and the capital itself. Saint Marinus, the founder, is also the patron saint of the republic.
全国划分为九个称为"castelli"（城堡区）的市镇，包括塞拉瓦莱、博尔戈马焦雷、多马尼亚诺、法埃塔诺、菲奥伦蒂诺、阿夸维瓦、基耶萨诺瓦、蒙特贾尔迪诺以及首都本身。建国者圣马力诺同时也是这个共和国的守护圣人。
3. The Legend of Saint Marinus, 301 AD | 圣马力诺的传说：公元301年
San Marino traces its origin to the year 301 AD, when a stonemason named Marinus is said to have founded an independent community on Monte Titano. According to tradition he came from Dalmatia, on the eastern side of the Adriatic, and worked in the Roman city of Rimini before persecution drove him into the hills.
圣马力诺的历史可上溯至公元301年，相传一位名叫马力诺的石匠在蒂塔诺山上建立了一个独立社群。按传统说法，他来自亚得里亚海东岸的达尔马提亚，曾在罗马城市里米尼做工，后来因遭受迫害而躲进山中。
On the mountain he built a small chapel and a monastic settlement, and the community that grew around it took his name. The traditional date of 3 September 301 is treated as the founding of the state, which makes San Marino arguably the oldest republic in the world. Marinus later became a saint, and his image and name appear throughout the country.
他在山上修建了一座小教堂和修道院式聚落，围绕它发展起来的社群便以他的名字命名。传统上把公元301年9月3日视为建国之日，这使圣马力诺堪称世界上最古老的共和国。马力诺后来被封为圣人，他的形象与名字在国土上随处可见。
Historians accept that the legend is a blending of fact and tradition, but the date matters politically as well as culturally: it gives the republic a continuous identity stretching back more than seventeen centuries, and it is the reason the country presents itself as a survivor rather than a newcomer on the European map.
历史学者普遍认为，这一传说是史实与传统的混合，但该日期在政治和文化上同样重要：它赋予共和国延续一千七百余年的身份认同，也是这个国家把自己定位为欧洲版图上的"幸存者"而非"新来者"的原因。
4. A History of Independence | 独立的历史
From the early medieval period onwards, San Marino gradually developed the institutions of a self-governing commune. Its mountain position, modest resources and skilful diplomacy allowed it to avoid absorption by larger neighbours, and by the thirteenth century it already had elected officials at its head.
自中世纪早期起，圣马力诺逐步发展出自治市镇的制度。山地位置、有限的资源以及灵活的外交手腕，使它得以避免被更大的邻国吞并；到十三世纪，它已经由选举产生的官员来治理。
The republic survived the rise and fall of dynasties, wars and foreign occupation. It is recorded as having had its first Captains Regent in 1243, and its Statutes of 1600 are among the oldest written constitutional texts still in use. In 1631 the papacy formally recognised its independence, and even Napoleon, who reshaped the map of Europe, left it alone.
这个共和国历经王朝更迭、战火洗礼与外敌占领而存续下来。文献记载，它在1243年就产生了第一批执政官，而1600年颁布的《成文法》至今仍是世界上仍在使用的最古老成文宪法文本之一。1631年，教廷正式承认其独立；就连重塑欧洲版图的拿破仑，也没有动它。
In the nineteenth century San Marino offered refuge to the Italian patriot Giuseppe Garibaldi, and in 1862 it signed a treaty of friendship with the newly unified Kingdom of Italy. It remained neutral in both world wars, though in 1944 it suffered bombing and a brief German occupation before being liberated. It joined the United Nations in 1992 and is not a member of the European Union, yet it uses the euro.
十九世纪，圣马力诺曾为意大利爱国者加里波第提供庇护；1862年，它与新统一的意大利王国签订了友好条约。两次世界大战中它均保持中立，不过1944年曾遭轰炸并被德军短暂占领，随后获得解放。1992年它加入联合国；它并非欧洲联盟成员国，却使用欧元。
5. Two Captains Regent: The Head of State | 两位执政官：国家元首
The most distinctive feature of San Marino's political system is that the office of head of state is shared. The country is led by two Captains Regent, known in Italian as Capitani Reggenti, who hold office together as joint heads of state and government.
圣马力诺政治体制最独特之处，在于国家元首一职由两人共同担任。国家由两位执政官（意大利语 Capitani Reggenti）领导，他们同时作为国家元首与政府首脑共同执政。
Each term lasts only six months. New Captains Regent take office on 1 April and 1 October, chosen by the Great and General Council, and they serve in pairs drawn from opposite political groupings so that neither side can dominate. Each has a veto over the other's decisions, and both must agree for acts of state to take effect.
每届任期仅六个月。新任执政官于每年4月1日和10月1日就职，由大议会选出，并且通常从对立的政治阵营中各选一人配对，以免任何一方独大。两人对彼此的决定都拥有否决权，国家行为须经双方同意才能生效。
This unusual arrangement was designed in the medieval period to prevent any single family or faction from seizing power. Modern observers often describe it as a highly stable and efficient model of governance: because power rotates so frequently, no leader can build a personal power base, and continuity is provided by the permanent civil service and the Council rather than by long-serving individuals.
这套独特安排在 medieval 时期形成，初衷是防止任何单一家族或派系夺权。现代观察者常把它视为一种极其稳定且高效的治理模式：由于权力轮换极为频繁，任何领导人都无法建立个人权力基础，而国家的连续性由常设的公务员体系与大议会来提供，而非依赖长期在位的个人。
6. The Great and General Council and the Constitution | 大议会与宪法
Legislative power rests with the Great and General Council, or Consiglio Grande e Generale, a parliament of sixty members elected by proportional representation for a five-year term. The Council passes laws, approves the budget and appoints the Captains Regent.
立法权属于大议会（Consiglio Grande e Generale），这是一个由60名议员组成的议会，按比例代表制选举产生，任期五年。大议会负责通过法律、批准预算，并任命执政官。
The government itself is the Congress of State, a cabinet of about ten members chosen by the Council and headed by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, who functions in practice like a prime minister. The judiciary is separate, with the Council of Twelve acting as a constitutional and administrative court.
政府机构是国家大会（Congress of State），由大议会选出的约十名成员组成内阁，由外交事务国务秘书主持工作，其实际职能类似总理。司法系统独立，由"十二人委员会"承担宪法与行政法院的职能。
Underpinning all of this is the Statutes of 1600, one of the oldest written constitutions in the world. It was built on Roman law and has been amended gradually rather than replaced, which is one reason the country's institutions look so different from those of its neighbours. Political life is generally moderate and coalition-based, and election turnout is high because the community is small enough for politics to feel personal.
支撑这一切的是1600年《成文法》，它是世界上最古老的成文宪法之一。它以罗马法为基础，历经逐步修订而非推倒重来，这也是该国制度与邻国如此不同的原因之一。政治生活总体温和、以联合政府为主；由于社群规模小、政治与个人生活贴近，投票率通常很高。
7. Monte Titano and the Landscape | 蒂塔诺山与自然景观
San Marino's landscape is dominated by Monte Titano, which rises to 739 metres and forms the spine of the country. The mountain has three distinct peaks, and on each of them stands a medieval tower. From the summit, on a clear day, the view stretches across rolling hills to the Adriatic Sea.
圣马力诺的地貌以蒂塔诺山为主，这座山海拔739米，构成国土的脊梁。山体有三个明显的山峰，每一座峰顶都矗立着一座中世纪塔楼。天气晴朗时，从山顶眺望，可以越过起伏的丘陵一直看到亚得里亚海。
Below the summit there is a striking valley and a patchwork of green slopes, vineyards, olive groves and small stone villages. The climate is Mediterranean, with hot, dry summers and mild, damp winters, and the lower slopes are farmed while the upper slopes remain wooded.
山顶之下是一片壮观的山谷，以及由绿色山坡、葡萄园、橄榄林和小石头村庄拼成的图景。这里属地中海气候，夏季炎热干燥，冬季温和湿润；较低的山坡用于耕作，较高处则保留林地。
The combination of green meadows, quiet hill villages and sudden deep views gives the country a calm, restful atmosphere that visitors frequently comment on. Walks and paths connect villages to the capital, and much of the landscape can be explored on foot in a single day.
绿草如茵的草甸、宁静的山村，加上不时出现的深谷视野，让整个国家弥漫着一种宁静放松的气息，游客常常对此津津乐道。步道与小径把村庄与首都连接起来，大部分景观一天之内即可徒步走完。
8. The Three Towers and the Old Town | 三塔与古老城区
The three towers on Monte Titano are the symbol of the republic and appear on its flag and coat of arms. Guaita, the oldest, dates from the eleventh century and served as a watchtower and refuge. Cesta, also called Fratta, was built in the thirteenth century on the highest peak and now houses a museum of historical weapons.
蒂塔诺山上的三座塔楼是共和国的象征，也出现在国旗与国徽上。最古老的瓜伊塔塔建于十一世纪，曾用作瞭望塔与避难所。又称弗拉塔的切斯塔塔建于十三世纪，位于最高峰上，如今设有古代兵器博物馆。
Montale, the smallest and youngest of the three, was built in the fourteenth century and has no roof or internal floors, yet it completes the defensive line. A footpath links all three, and walking it is one of the most popular things to do in the country.
三塔中最小、最年轻的蒙塔莱塔建于十四世纪，既无屋顶也没有内部楼层，却使整条防线完整成形。一条小径把三座塔串连起来，走完这条线路是该国最受欢迎的游览项目之一。
The old town below is a compact maze of stone lanes, small squares and medieval buildings. Its landmarks include the Palazzo Pubblico, the neo-Gothic town hall of 1894, the neoclassical Basilica di San Marino of 1836, the Piazza della Libertà and the Gate of Saint Francis. Cars are largely kept out, so the historic centre is best explored slowly on foot.
下方的古老城区是一片紧凑的石板小巷、小广场与中世纪建筑构成的迷宫。主要地标包括1894年建成的新哥特式市政厅（Palazzo Pubblico）、1836年建成的新古典主义圣马力诺大教堂、自由广场以及圣方济各门。城内基本禁止汽车通行，因此历史中心最适合放慢脚步徒步细看。
9. UNESCO World Heritage and Cultural Life | 世界遗产与文化生活
In 2008 the historic centre of San Marino and Monte Titano were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, in recognition of a settlement that has survived continuously since the medieval period and of the exceptional way the town and the mountain are integrated.
2008年，圣马力诺历史中心与蒂塔诺山被列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录，以肯定其自中世纪以来持续存续
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