📚 A-Level Eduqas PE: Key Terminology Quick Revision Guide | A-Level Eduqas 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the terminology of A-Level Eduqas Physical Education is the foundation of exam success. From biomechanics to sport psychology, precise definitions and confident recall of key terms allow you to demonstrate depth of knowledge in both short-answer and extended writing questions. This guide presents the essential vocabulary across every major topic area, pairing each English term with a clear Chinese translation and definition to support bilingual learners. Use it as a quick reference, a self-testing tool, or a structured revision checklist.
掌握 A-Level Eduqas 体育的术语是考试成功的基础。从生物力学到运动心理学，准确定义并自信地回忆关键术语，能让你在简答题和长篇写作题中展现知识深度。本指南涵盖每个主要主题领域的核心词汇，为每个英文术语配上清晰的中文翻译与释义，支持双语学习者。可将其用作快速参考、自测工具或结构化复习清单。
1. Cardiovascular System Terminology | 心血管系统术语
Heart rate (HR): the number of times the heart beats per minute (bpm).
心率（HR）：心脏每分钟跳动的次数（次/分）。
Stroke volume (SV): the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat.
每搏输出量（SV）：左心室每次收缩泵出的血量。
iac output (Q): the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute; calculated as HR × SV.
心输出量（Q）：心脏每分钟泵出的血量；计算公式为 HR × SV。
Venous return: the flow of blood back to the heart; aided by the muscle pump, respiratory pump and valves.
静脉回流量：血液回流至心脏的量；受肌肉泵、呼吸泵和瓣膜辅助。
Vascular shunt mechanism: the redistribution of blood flow during exercise, mediated by vasodilation and vasoconstriction.
血管分流机制：运动时血液的重新分配，通过血管舒张和血管收缩介导。
Diastole: the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart chambers fill with blood.
舒张期：心动周期中心脏舒张、心室充盈血液的阶段。
Systole: the contraction phase when blood is ejected from the ventricles.
收缩期：心室收缩、血液射出的阶段。
Bradycardia: a resting heart rate below 60 bpm, often seen in endurance-trained athletes.
心动过缓：静息心率低于 60 次/分，常见于耐力训练运动员。
2. Respiratory System Terminology | 呼吸系统术语
(VE): the volume of air inhaled or exhaled per minute; VE = tidal volume × breathing rate.
每分通气量（VE）：每分钟吸入或呼出的气体量；VE = 潮气量 × 呼吸频率。
Tidal volume (TV): the volume of air moved in or out during a normal breath.
潮气量（TV）：一次正常呼吸中吸入或呼出的气体量。
Breathing rate (f): the number of breaths taken per minute.
呼吸频率（f）：每分钟呼吸的次数。
Residual volume (RV): the air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation.
残气量（RV）：最大呼气后肺内残留的气体量。
Vital capacity (VC): the maximum volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a maximum inhalation.
肺活量（VC）：最大吸气后尽力呼出的最大气量。
Gaseous exchange: the diffusion of O₂ from alveoli into the blood and CO₂ from blood into alveoli, governed by partial pressure gradients.
气体交换：氧气从肺泡扩散入血、二氧化碳从血液扩散入肺泡，受分压梯度控制。
Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve: a graph showing the relationship between partial pressure of oxygen and haemoglobin saturation; Bohr shift occurs with increased acidity/CO₂/temperature.
氧合血红蛋白解离曲线：显示氧分压与血红蛋白饱和度关系的曲线；酸度/CO₂/温度增高时发生波尔效应（右移）。
3. Energy Systems & Fatigue Terminology | 能量系统与疲劳术语
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP): the immediate energy currency for muscle contraction; stored in small amounts.
三磷酸腺苷（ATP）：肌肉收缩的直接能量来源；体内储存量少。
Phosphocreatine (PC) system: an anaerobic system providing rapid ATP resynthesis for up to 10 seconds via the creatine kinase reaction.
磷酸肌酸（PC）系统：无氧系统，通过肌酸激酶反应快速再合成 ATP，维持约 10 秒。
Lactic acid system / anaerobic glycolytic system: breaks down glucose without oxygen, producing lactic acid and net 2 ATP; dominant in high-intensity efforts of ~10–90 s.
乳酸系统/无氧糖酵解系统：无氧分解葡萄糖，产生乳酸并净生成 2 ATP；主导约 10–90 秒的高强度运动。
Aerobic system: utilises oxygen to break down carbohydrates and fats in mitochondria; yields 36–38 ATP per glucose; dominant in prolonged, low-moderate intensity activity.
有氧系统：利用氧在线粒体分解糖和脂肪；每分子葡萄糖产生 36–38 ATP；主导长时间、中低强度运动。
VO₂ max: the maximal volume of oxygen an individual can take up, transport and utilise per minute per kg of body mass (ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹).
最大摄氧量（VO₂ max）：个体每分钟每公斤体重所能摄取、运输和利用的最大氧气量（毫升/公斤/分钟）。
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC): the elevated oxygen consumption following exercise, divided into fast (alactacid) and slow (lactacid) components for restoration and removal of by-products.
运动后过量氧耗（EPOC）：运动后升高的氧耗，分为快速（非乳酸）和慢速（乳酸）部分，用于恢复和清除副产物。
OBLA (Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation): the exercise intensity at which blood lactate begins to accumulate exponentially; often around 4 mmol·L⁻¹.
血乳酸堆积起点（OBLA）：血乳酸开始指数级堆积的运动强度，通常约 4 mmol·L⁻¹。
4. Biomechanics Terminology | 生物力学术语
a): a push or pull that changes the state of motion of an object; measured in newtons (N).
力（F = ma）：改变物体运动状态的推或拉；单位为牛顿（N）。
Velocity: the rate of change of displacement; vector quantity with direction (m·s⁻¹).
速度：位移的变化率；是矢量，具有方向（m·s⁻¹）。
Acceleration: the rate of change of velocity (m·s⁻²).
加速度：速度的变化率（m·s⁻²）。
Momentum = mass × velocity; a measure of quantity of motion (kg·m·s⁻¹).
动量 = 质量 × 速度；衡量运动量（kg·m·s⁻¹）。
Impulse = force × time; equals change in momentum.
冲量 = 力 × 时间；等于动量的变化。
Newton's first law (inertia): a body remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a net external force.
牛顿第一定律（惯性）：物体保持静止或匀速直线运动状态，除非受到净外力作用。
Newton' ration): F = ma; acceleration is proportional to force and inversely proportional to mass.
牛顿第二定律（加速度）：F = ma；加速度与力成正比，与质量成反比。
Newton's third law (action-reaction): for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
牛顿第三定律（作用力与反作用力）：每个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。
5. Levers & Movement Analysis Terminology | 杠杆与动作分析术语
Lever system: a rigid bar (bone) that rotates around a fulcrum (joint). Three classes – first, second, third – based on relative positions of fulcrum, effort and load.
杠杆系统：刚体杆（骨）绕支点（关节）转动。根据支点、施力点与负荷的相对位置分为第一、第二、第三类杠杆。
First-class lever: fulcrum between effort and load; e.g., neck extension (atlanto-occipital joint).
第一类杠杆：支点在施力点与负荷之间；如头部后仰（寰枕关节）。
Second-class lever: load between fulcrum and effort; rare in body; e.g., standing on tiptoe (ball of foot as fulcrum).
第二类杠杆：负荷在支点与施力点之间；在人体少见；如踮脚时（前脚掌为支点）。
Third-class lever: effort between fulcrum and load; most common in body; e.g., biceps curl (elbow joint) – favours speed and range of motion.
第三类杠杆：施力点在支点与负荷之间；人体最常见；如肱二头肌弯举（肘关节）—— 利于速度和活动范围。
ffort arm ÷ resistance arm; >1 indicates advantage, <1 disadvantage but greater speed/ROM.
机械利益 = 施力臂 ÷ 阻力臂；>1 表示省力，<1 机械劣势但速度快/活动范围大。
Planes of movement: sagittal (forward/backward), frontal (side to side), transverse (rotational).
运动平面：矢状面（前后运动）、额状面（侧向运动）、横截面（旋转运动）。
6. Skill Acquisition & Motor Control Terminology | 技能获得与动作控制术语
Skill: a learned action with certainty of execution, minimum outlay of energy and attainment of a predetermined outcome.
技能：习得的行为，执行有确定性、能量消耗最小且能达到预定结果。
Open skill: performed in an unpredictable, changing environment; e.g., passing in football.
开放式技能：在不可预测、变化的环境中执行；如足球中的传球。
Closed skill: performed in a stable, predictable environment; e.g., a golf swing.
闭锁式技能：在稳定、可预测的环境中执行；如高尔夫挥杆。
Transfer of learning: the influence of one skill on the performance of another; can be positive, negative, proactive or retroactive.
学习迁移：一种技能对另一种技能表现的影响；可分为正迁移、负迁移、前摄迁移和后摄迁移。
Stages of learning (Fitts & Posner): cognitive (understanding and high error), associative (practice and refinement), autonomous (automatic and low attention demand).
学习阶段（Fitts & Posner）：认知阶段（理解任务、错误率高）、联结阶段（练习与精炼）、自主阶段（自动化、注意需求低）。
Feedback: intrinsic (internal sensory information), extrinsic (augmented from coach/video), concurrent (during), terminal (after), knowledge of performance (KP) and knowledge of results (KR).
反馈：内在反馈（内部感觉信息）、外在反馈（由教练/视频增强）、同步反馈（运动中）、终末反馈（运动后）、表现认知（KP）和结果认知（KR）。
Schema theory (Schmidt): motor programmes are generalised and adapted using recall schema (initial conditions, response specifications) and recognition schema (sensory consequences, response outcome).
图式理论（Schmidt）：运动程序是概括化的，通过回忆图式（初始条件、反应规格）和再认图式（感觉后果、反应结果）进行调整。
7. Sport Psychology Terminology | 运动心理学(术语)
Arousal: a state of physiological and psychological activation; can influence performance according to drive theory and the inverted-U hypothesis.
唤醒：生理和心理的激活状态；根据驱力理论和倒 U 型假说可影响表现。
Anxiety: negative emotional state with feelings of nervousness and worry; can be state (situation-specific) or trait (personality disposition), cognitive or somatic.
焦虑：伴随紧张和担忧的负面情绪状态；可分为状态焦虑（情景特定）或特质焦虑（人格倾向），以及认知焦虑和躯体焦虑。
Self-efficacy (Bandura): situation-specific self-confidence derived from performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion and emotional arousal.
自我效能（Bandura）：情境特定的自信心，来源包括表现成就、替代经验、言语说服和情绪唤醒。
Attribution theory (Weiner): individuals explain success and failure using dimensions of locus (internal/external), stability and controllability; influences motivation.
归因理论（Weiner）：个体用控制点（内部/外部）、稳定性和可控性三个维度解释成败；影响动机。
Achievement goal theory: task/mastery orientation (focus on self-improvement) vs ego/outcome orientation (focus on beating others); Nicholls.
成就目标理论：任务/掌握取向（关注自我提高）与自我/结果取向（关注击败他人）；Nicholls 提出。
Aggression in sport: any behaviour intended to harm another; can be hostile (reactive, anger-driven) or instrumental (goal-directed, within rules).
运动攻击行为：意图伤害他人的行为；分为敌意性攻击（反应性、愤怒驱动）和工具性攻击（目标导向、规则范围内）。
Group cohesion (Carron's model): dynamic process reflected in the tendency to stick together; task and social cohesion influenced by environmental, personal, leadership and team factors.
团队凝聚力（Carron 模型）：反映团队成员粘合倾向的动态过程；任务凝聚力与社交凝聚力受环境、个人、领导和团队因素影响。
8. Socio-Cultural Influences Terminology | 社会文化影响术语
Socialisation: the process by which individuals learn and adopt the norms, values and behaviours of their culture; primary (family) and secondary (school/media/peers).
社会化：个体学习并内化所处文化规范、价值观和行为方式的过程；分为初级社会化（家庭）和次级社会化（学校/媒体/同伴）。
Social stratification: the hierarchical organisation of society based on factors such as class, wealth and occupation; impacts access and participation in sport.
社会分层：基于阶级、财富和职业等因素形成的社会等级结构；影响体育参与和机会获取。
Social mobility: the ability to move between social strata, often linked to sport as a vehicle for improvement.
社会流动：在社会阶层之间移动的能力，常与体育作为提升途径相关联。
Amateurism: participation in sport for the love of the game, without financial reward; historically linked to the middle/upper-class Victorian ideals.
业余主义：出于爱好而非金钱参与体育；历史上与维多利亚时代中上阶层的理想相关。
Professionalism: engaging in sport as a career with payment; developed alongside commercialisation and spectator demand.
职业主义：将体育作为职业并获取报酬；伴随商业化和观众需求发展。
Globalisation of sport: the worldwide spread and integration of sport through media, migration, sponsorship and international competitions; creates glocalisation (adaptation to local contexts).
体育全球化：通过媒体、迁移、赞助和国际赛事使体育在世界范围内传播和融合；产生全球在地化（适应当地环境）。
British Empire's impact: the diffusion of Victorian sports (e.g., football, rugby, cricket) through colonisation, missionaries and military, often replacing traditional games.
大英帝国的影响：通过殖民、传教士和军队传播维多利亚时代的运动（如足球、橄榄球、板球），常取代当地传统游戏。
9. Training Methods & Principles Terminology | 训练方法与原则术语
SPORT principles of training: Specificity, Progression, Overload, Reversibility, Tedium (or variation).
SPORT 训练原则：专项性、渐进性、过量负荷、可逆性、趣味性（或变化性）。
FITT principle: Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type – used to manipulate overload.
FITT 原则：频率、强度、时间、类型 —— 用于调节过量负荷。
Periodisation: the systematic division of a training year into macro-, meso- and microcycles to optimise performance and manage fatigue.
周期化：将训练年系统划分为大周期、中周期和小周期，以优化表现和管理疲劳。
Continuous training: steady-state aerobic exercise (e.g., jogging) for 20+ minutes; develops cardiovascular endurance.
持续训练：20 分钟以上的稳态有氧运动（如慢跑）；发展心血管耐力。
Interval training: alternating periods of high-intensity work with recovery intervals; targets both aerobic and anaerobic adaptations.
间歇训练：高强度运动与恢复间歇交替；同时有氧和无氧适应。
Circuit training: a series of exercise stations performed in sequence; can develop strength, muscular endurance or cardiorespiratory fitness depending on layout.
循环训练：按顺序完成一系列练习站点；根据安排可发展力量、肌耐力或心肺耐力。
Plyometrics: explosive exercises involving stretch-shortening cycle (e.g., depth jumps) to develop power.
增强式训练：涉及牵张-缩短循环的爆发性练习（如跳深），发展爆发力。
Flexibility training types: static (active/passive), dynamic, ballistic and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF).
柔韧性训练类型：静态（主动/被动）、动态、弹震式和本体感觉神经肌肉促进法（PNF）。
10. Nutrition, Hydration & Ergogenic Aids Terminology | 营养、补水与助剂术语
Macronutrients: carbohydrates (primary energy), fats (aerobic energy, insulation) and protein (growth and repair).
宏量营养素：碳水化合物（主要能量）、脂肪（有氧能量、保温）和蛋白质（生长与修复）。
Glycaemic index (GI): a ranking of carbohydrate foods according to how quickly they raise blood glucose levels.
血糖生成指数（GI）：按食物升高血糖速度对碳水化合物食品的排序。
Carbohydrate loading: a strategy to maximise muscle glycogen stores before endurance events; involves tapering and high-carb intake.
糖负荷：在耐力赛事前最大化肌糖原储备的策略；包括运动减量和高碳饮食。
Hydration & dehydration: water loss of 2% body mass can impair performance; sports drinks (isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic) aid fluid and electrolyte balance.
补水与脱水：失水达体重的 2% 即可能损害表现；运动饮料（等渗、低渗、高渗）有助于维持液体和电解质平衡。
Creatine supplement: increases phosphocreatine stores; improves repeated high-intensity efforts and muscle mass.
肌酸补充：增加磷酸肌酸储备；改善反复高强度运动和肌肉质量。
Caffeine: a stimulant that enhances alertness and mobilises fat, potentially improving endurance performance.
咖啡因：一种兴奋剂，增强警觉性并动员脂肪，可能提高耐力表现。
Blood doping: artificial increase in red blood cell count (e.g., EPO or re-infusion) to enhance oxygen-carrying capacity; banned.
血液兴奋剂：人为增加红细胞数量（如 EPO 或回输）以增强携氧能力；被禁止。
11. Injury Prevention & Rehabilitation Terminology | 损伤预防与康复术语
Acute injury: sudden onset due to a specific trauma; e.g., fracture, sprain, strain, contusion.
急性损伤：因特定创伤突然发生；如骨折、扭伤、拉伤、挫伤。
Chronic injury: develops gradually due to overuse; e.g., stress fracture, tendinopathy.
慢性损伤：因过度使用逐渐形成；如应力性骨折、腱病。
RICE protocol: Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation – immediate treatment for acute soft tissue injuries.
RICE 原则：休息、冰敷、加压、抬高 —— 急性软组织损伤的即时处理。
Proprioception: the body's ability to sense joint position and movement; retraining is essential after injury to prevent recurrence.
本体感觉：身体感知关节位置和运动的能力；损伤后需重新训练以防复发。
Sport-specific rehabilitation: a progressive programme from gentle mobilisation to full functional return, mimicking sport demands.
运动专项康复：从轻柔活动逐步到完全功能恢复的渐进计划，模拟运动要求。
Concussion recognition (recognise and remove): symptoms include headache, dizziness, confusion; any suspected concussion requires immediate removal from play and medical assessment.
脑震荡识别（识别即移除）：症状包括头痛、头晕、混乱；任何疑似脑震荡需立即离场并进行医学评估。
Taping and bracing: external supports used to limit joint range, reduce pain or enhance proprioceptive feedback.
贴扎与支具：用于限制关节活动度、减轻疼痛或增强本体感觉反馈的外部支持。
12. Data, Technology & Sport Analysis Terminology | 数据、技术与运动分析术语
Quantitative data: numerical information such as times, distances, heart rates, percentages.
定量数据：数值型信息，如时间、距离、心率、百分比。
Qualitative data: descriptive, non-numerical information; e.g., coach feedback, interview transcripts.
定性数据：描述性、非数值信息；如教练反馈、访谈记录。
GPS tracking: used to monitor distance covered, speed zones, accelerations and decelerations during performance.
GPS 追踪：用于监测跑动距离、速度区间、加速和减速。
Notational analysis: recording skill execution, positions and tactical events (e.g., pass completion, tackle success) to identify patterns.
符号分析：记录技能执行、站位和战术事件（如传球成功率、抢断成功率）以识别模式。
Validity: does a test measure what it claims to measure? e.g., a timed 30 m sprint test for speed.
效度：测试是否测量了其声称要测量的内容？如 30 m 冲刺计时测试用于测量速度。
Reliability: the consistency and repeatability of a test under the same conditions.
信度：同一条件下测试的一致性和可重复性。
VO₂ max tests: direct (laboratory gas analysis) and indirect (e.g., multi-stage fitness test, Cooper run) measures of aerobic capacity.
最大摄氧量测试：直接（实验室气体分析）和间接（如多级体能测试、库珀跑）测量有氧能力的方法。
Motion capture and wearable tech: 3D analysis and accelerometers used to refine technique and monitor training loads.
动作捕捉与可穿戴技术：三维分析和加速度计用于改进技术和监控训练负荷。
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