📚 A-Level WJEC PE: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | A-Level WJEC 体育：词汇术语速记指南
WJEC A-Level Physical Education demands a confident command of specialist terminology across physiology, psychology, biomechanics and socio-cultural topics. The sheer volume of terms can feel daunting, but the right memorisation techniques turn them into second nature. This guide groups key vocabulary by topic, provides concise bilingual definitions and shares memory hacks that align with how the brain retains information. Use it alongside your notes, flashcards and practice papers to build rapid recall for both written exams and practical evaluations.
WJEC A-Level 体育要求学生熟练掌握生理学、心理学、生物力学和社会文化等领域的专业术语。庞大的词汇量可能令人望而生畏，但正确的记忆方法能让这些术语成为你的本能。本指南按主题分类关键词汇，提供简洁的双语释义，并分享符合大脑记忆规律的技巧。请将其与笔记、抽认卡和练习题结合使用，以便在笔试和实践评估中快速提取知识。
1. Cardiovascular & Respiratory Terms | 心肺系统术语速记
The cardiovascular and respiratory systems work together to deliver oxygen and remove waste products during exercise. Getting to grips with the shorthand of heart and lung function is foundational. The table below summarises the core terms you need to memorise, along with simple memory triggers.
心血管系统和呼吸系统协同工作，在运动过程中输送氧气并清除废物。掌握心肺功能的简写是基础。下表总结了你需要记住的核心术语及其简单的记忆触发词。
| Term | Definition | Memory Aid |
|---|---|---|
| Heart Rate (HR) | Beats per minute (bpm) | 'Heart Rhythms' – imagine a drum beat |
| Stroke Volume (SV) | Blood pumped per beat by the left ventricle (ml) | 'Single Ventricle shot' – one stroke of a paintbrush |
| Cardiac Output (Q) | Volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute (L/min) | Q = Quantity of flow per minute |
| Tidal Volume (TV) | Air inhaled or exhaled per normal breath (L) | 'Tidal' like ocean waves, regular in and out |
| Breathing Frequency (f) | Number of breaths per minute | f = frequency of breaths |
| Minute Ventilation (VE) | Total air moved in and out per minute (L/min) | VE = Volume of Entire breath per minute |
| a-vO₂ difference | Difference in oxygen content between arterial and venous blood | A–V gap: Arteries minus Veins = O₂ extraction |
The relationships among these variables are expressed in simple equations you must know. Write them out and visualise the components working together, like a conveyor belt delivering oxygen to working muscles.
这些变量之间的关系可以用简单的方程式表达，你必须牢记。将它们写下来，把各组成部分想象成一条向工作肌肉输送氧气的传送带。
Q = HR × SV
VE = TV × f
a-vO₂ diff = CaO₂ – CvO₂
2. Musculoskeletal System & Movement Analysis | 肌肉骨骼系统与动作分析术语
Understanding how muscles, bones and joints produce movement is central to biomechanical analysis. Memorising agonist–antagonist pairs, contraction types and muscle fibre characteristics can be streamlined by linking each term to a physical action.
理解肌肉、骨骼和关节如何产生运动是生物力学分析的核心。通过将每个术语与具体动作联系起来，可以简化主动肌-拮抗肌对、收缩类型和肌纤维特性的记忆。
During a biceps curl, the biceps brachii acts as the agonist (prime mover), contracting concentrically to lift the weight. The triceps brachii is the antagonist, relaxing to allow the movement. The fixator muscles, such as the deltoid, stabilise the shoulder joint, while synergists assist the movement. 'Biting a sandwich' reminds you that the biceps brings the hand to the mouth – a concentric contraction.
在弯举动作中，肱二头肌是主动肌（原动肌），进行向心收缩举起重量；肱三头肌是拮抗肌，放松以使动作发生；固定肌如三角肌稳定肩关节，协同肌则辅助运动。“咬三明治”的动作提醒你，肱二头肌将手带向嘴巴——这是一次向心收缩。
Muscle fibre types are often tested. Type I (slow oxidative) fibres are like marathon runners – built for endurance, high in myoglobin, resist fatigue. Type IIa (fast oxidative glycolytic) are versatile sprinters who can go the distance with some glycolytic power. Type IIx (fast glycolytic) are pure explosive performers, recruited for instant power but fatigue quickly. Picture Type I as a tortoise, Type IIx as a hare.
肌纤维类型常考。I型（慢缩氧化型）就像马拉松选手——为耐力而生，肌红蛋白含量高，抗疲劳。IIa型（快缩氧化酵解型）好比全能短跑选手，兼具酵解能力。IIx型（快缩酵解型）则是纯粹爆发型，瞬间发力但易疲劳。记忆时把I型想象成乌龟，IIx想象成野兔。
3. Energy Systems & Exercise Metabolism | 能量系统与运动代谢
Three energy systems resynthesise ATP during exercise. The ATP-PC system (alactic) provides immediate energy for up to 10 seconds of maximal effort, using stored phosphocreatine (PC). The glycolytic system (lactic) breaks down glucose without oxygen, producing ATP rapidly but also lactic acid and lasting up to about 90 seconds. The aerobic system uses oxygen in the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain to generate large amounts of ATP slowly, fuelling endurance events.
运动中有三个供能系统再合成ATP。ATP-PC系统（无乳酸）利用储存的磷酸肌酸（PC）提供至多10秒的即时能量。酵解系统（乳酸系统）在无氧条件下分解葡萄糖，快速产生ATP但也生成乳酸，可持续约90秒。有氧系统通过克雷布斯循环和电子传递链利用氧气缓慢生成大量ATP，为耐力项目供能。
Key terms here include lactate threshold – the exercise intensity at which lactate accumulates faster than it can be removed, causing the familiar muscle burn. VO₂max (maximal oxygen uptake) is the ceiling of aerobic capacity; think of it as the engine size. Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) tells you the fuel mix: a value of 0.7 indicates predominantly fat, while 1.0 suggests pure carbohydrate burning. Remember: 'Fat burns in a carbohydrate flame' – meaning carbohydrate is needed to fully oxidise fat.
关键术语包括乳酸阈——乳酸累积速度超过清除速度的运动强度，即肌肉灼烧感的分界点。VO₂max（最大摄氧量）是有氧能力的上限，可将其视为引擎排量。呼吸交换率（RER）揭示燃料混合比：数值0.7表明主要燃烧脂肪，1.0则代表纯碳水燃烧。记住：“脂肪在碳水火焰中燃烧”——脂肪的彻底氧化需要碳水参与。
VO₂max = Q × a-vO₂ diff (at maximum)
4. Biomechanics: Motion, Forces & Levers | 生物力学：运动、力与杠杆
Newton' : F = ma. Law of Reaction: every action has an equal and opposite reaction. Link these to a penalty kick: the static ball stays until kicked, the force applied determines its acceleration, and the foot feels the reaction force.
牛顿三大定律是所有体育动作的基石。惯性定律：物体保持静止或匀速运动，除非受力。加速度定律：F=ma。反作用定律：每个作用力都会产生大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。将它们与点球联系起来：静止的足球保持不动直到被踢，施加的力决定其加速度，脚感受到反作用力。
Levers are classified by the relative positions of the fulcrum (F), effort (E) and resistance/load (R). A first-class lever has F in the middle (like a see-saw), useful for balance. A second-class lever has R in the middle (like a wheelbarrow), providing a mechanical advantage greater than 1 – think of standing on tiptoes. A third-class lever has E in the middle (like tweezers or a biceps curl), favouring speed and range of motion at the expense of force. Most human movements are third-class levers. Mnemonic: '1-2-3, F-R-E' reminds you the middle component in each class.
杠杆按支点(F)、动力(E)和阻力(R)的相对位置分类。第一类杠杆支点居中（如跷跷板），有利于平衡。第二类杠杆阻力居中（如手推车），机械利益大于1——想象踮脚尖。第三类杠杆动力居中（如镊子或肱二头肌弯举），以牺牲力量换取速度和动作幅度。人体动作多为第三类杠杆。助记口诀：“一二三，支阻力”提示你每一类杠杆中间的那个要素。
Momentum = mass × velocity
Impulse = force × time
5. Skill Acquisition & Information Processing | 技能习得与信息加工
Classifying skills helps you design practice. Open skills (e.g., a pass in football) respond to an unpredictable environment; closed skills (e.g., a tennis serve) are performed in a stable, predictable setting. Gross skills use large muscle groups, fine skills require precision. Discrete skills have a clear beginning and end, serial skills string several discrete elements together, and continuous skills have no obvious start or finish.
技能分类有助于设计训练。开放技能（如足球传球）应对不可预测的环境；闭锁技能（如网球发球）在稳定可预测的环境中完成。粗大技能动用大肌群，精细技能要求精准。分立技能有明确的起点和终点，序列技能是将多个分立元素串联，持续技能则无明显始终。
Information processing models, such as Whiting' by perceptual and translatory mechanisms, then sent to effector mechanisms (muscles) to produce movement. Feedback – hin) or extrinsic (from a coach), concurrent (during performance) or terminal (afterwards) – on making → Output → Feedback, like a computer receiving, processing, acting and learning.
信息加工模型（如怀廷模型）描述我们如何检测、加工并响应刺激。显示信息由感受器系统（眼睛、耳朵、本体感受器）传入，经知觉和转译机制处理后，传递至效应器机制（肌肉）产生动作。反馈——内在（来自自身）或外在（来自教练），同步（动作中）或终末（动作后）——指导学习。记住这个循环：输入 → 决策 → 输出 → 反馈，就像一台计算机接收、处理、执行并学习。
6. Sport Psychology: Anxiety, Arousal & Motivation | 运动心理学：焦虑、唤醒与动机
ic anxiety shows as sweaty palms, racing heart; cognitive anxiety is worry and self-doubt. 'Somatic = body Symptoms, Cognitive = Thoughts' arned skills; the Inverted-U hypothesis suggests an optimal moderate level; Catastrophe theory adds that when cognitive anxiety is high, a sudden drop in performance occurs after arousal climbs beyond the optimal point.
焦虑分为躯体性（生理）和认知性（心理）两种。躯体焦虑表现为手心出汗、心跳加速；认知焦虑则是担忧和自我怀疑。“躯体=身体症状，认知=思维想法”可快速区分。唤醒理论预测表现：驱力理论认为对自动化技能而言，表现随唤醒线性提升；倒U型假说认为存在最佳中等唤醒水平；突变理论补充说，当认知焦虑高时，唤醒一旦超过最佳点，表现会突然崩溃。
Motivation can be intrinsic (inner drive, enjoyment) or extrinsic (trophies, praise). Self-efficacy, the belief in one's ability, grows through past accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion and control of arousal. Weiner's attribution model categorises success and failure by locus of causality (internal/external), stability (stable/unstable) and controllability. An athlete who blames a loss on lack of effort (internal, unstable, controllable) is more likely to keep trying than one who blames 'bad luck' (external, unstable, uncontrollable).
动机有内在（内部驱动、乐趣）和外在（奖杯、表扬）。自我效能感，即对自己能力的信心，来源于过去成就、替代经验、言语说服和唤醒控制。韦纳的归因模型将成败归因于因果源（内部/外部）、稳定性（稳定/不稳定）和可控性。将失败归因于不够努力（内部、不稳定、可控）的运动员，比归因于“运气不好”（外部、不稳定、不可控）的人更可能持续努力。
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