📚 A-Level WJEC Music: Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | A-Level WJEC 音乐：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering musical terminology is essential for success in A-Level WJEC Music. This guide organises key terms by concept, helping you revise efficiently and apply them accurately in analysis, composition and listening papers. Each term is presented with a concise English definition followed by its Chinese equivalent, enabling bilingual learners to reinforce understanding.
掌握音乐术语是在 A-Level WJEC 音乐考试中取得好成绩的关键。本指南按概念整理核心词汇，帮助你高效复习，并在分析、创作和听力试题中准确运用。每个术语均配有简明的英文定义与中文对照，便于双语学习者加深理解。
1. Melody | 旋律
Conjunct movement: Melodic motion moving stepwise, by intervals of a major or minor second.
级进运动：旋律按大二度或小二度逐级上下进行的运动方式。
Disjunct movement: Melodic motion proceeding by leaps larger than a second.
跳进运动：旋律以超过二度的跳进音程进行的运动方式。
Arpeggio: Notes of a chord played in succession rather than simultaneously.
琶音：将和弦内的音依次奏出，而非同时奏响。
Passing note: A non-chord tone that fills the gap between two chord tones by step.
经过音：以级进方式填充在两个和弦音之间的和弦外音。
Motif: A short, distinctive musical idea that forms a structural and developmental unit.
动机：构成结构与发展单元的短小、鲜明的音乐乐思。
Sequence: Repetition of a melodic pattern at a higher or lower pitch.
模进：将同一旋律型在更高或更低的音高上重复。
Ornament: A decorative addition to a melody, such as a trill, turn, or mordent.
装饰音：附加于旋律上的装饰性音符，如颤音、回音、波音等。
2. Harmony | 和声
Perfect cadence: V – I progression, giving a sense of finality and rest.
正格终止：V 级到 I 级的和声进行，赋予完满的结束感。
Plagal cadence: IV – I progression, often heard as the 'Amen' cadence.
变格终止：IV 级到 I 级的进行，常被称为“阿门终止”。
Imperfect cadence: Any cadence ending on V, creating an unfinished or expectant effect.
半终止：结束在 V 级上的任何终止，产生未完成或期待的效果。
Seventh chord: A triad with an added note a seventh above the root, such as V7.
七和弦：在根音上方增加七度音的三和弦，例如属七和弦 V7。
Modulation: Change of key within a piece, often to the dominant or relative major/minor.
转调：乐曲内部的调性转换，常转入属调或关系大小调。
Pedal note: A sustained or repeated note, usually in the bass, over which harmonies change.
持续音：通常在低音部持续或重复的音，上方和声可以自由变化。
Dissonance: A combination of tones that sounds unstable and requires resolution to a consonance.
不协和：听起来不稳定、需要解决到协和音的音调组合。
3. Rhythm & Metre | 节奏与节拍
Syncopation: Placing emphasis on a normally weak beat or between beats.
切分音：将重音放在通常的弱拍或拍子之间。
Hemiola: A rhythmic device where two bars of triple metre are articulated as if they were three bars of duple metre.
赫米奥拉：节奏手法，将两个三拍小节实际演奏成三个二拍小节的律动。
Anacrusis: An upbeat or pickup note(s) before the first full bar.
弱起：第一小节不完全小节之前的拾取音符。
Time signature: Sign at the start of a piece indicating the number and type of beats per bar.
拍号：乐谱开头的符号，表示每小节的拍数和音符时值类型。
Triplet: A group of three notes played in the time normally taken by two of the same kind.
三连音：在通常两个相同音符的时值内均匀演奏三个音符。
Rubato: Expressive flexibility of tempo, slight speeding up and slowing down.
自由速度：为表达情感而对速度进行的微妙伸缩。
4. Tonality | 调性
Major tonality: A key system based on a major scale, often perceived as bright or happy.
大调调性：以大调音阶为基础的调性体系，常给人明亮、快乐的感觉。
Minor tonality: A key system based on a minor scale, often perceived as sad or serious.
小调调性：以小调音阶为基础的调性体系，常给人悲伤、严肃的感觉。
Tonic: The first degree of a scale, the home note and chord of a key.
主音：音阶的第一级音，一个调的中心音与和弦。
Dominant: The fifth degree of a scale, creating tension that resolves to the tonic.
属音：音阶的第五级音，产生需解决到主音的张力。
Relative keys: Major and minor keys sharing the same key signature, e.g., C major and A minor.
关系大小调：共用相同调号的大调和小调，如 C 大调与 a 小调。
Chromaticism: Use of notes outside the prevailing key or scale, adding colour and tension.
半音化：使用不属于当前调或音阶的音，增加色彩与紧张度。
Bitonal: The simultaneous use of two different keys in different parts.
双调性：不同声部同时使用两个不同调性。
5. Texture | 织体
Monophonic: A single melodic line without accompaniment.
单声织体：无伴奏的单一旋律线。
Homophonic: A main melody supported by chords; melody and accompaniment style.
主调织体：一条主旋律由和弦支撑；旋律加伴奏风格。
Polyphonic / Contrapuntal: Two or more independent melodic lines occurring simultaneously.
复调织体 / 对位织体：两个或多个独立的旋律线同时进行。
Imitation: A melodic idea presented in one part and then restated in another, at the same or different pitch.
模仿：一个声部呈现的旋律乐思在另一声部以相同或不同音高复述。
Antiphonal: Dialogue between two groups of performers, often spatially separated.
交替圣歌式：两组演奏者（常空间分立）之间的对话效果。
Fugal texture: A type of polyphony built upon a subject that enters in different voices, following strict contrapuntal rules.
赋格织体：基于一个主题在不同声部依次进入并遵循严格对位规则的复调形式。
Heterophonic: Simultaneous variation of a single melody by different performers.
支声织体：不同演奏者对同一旋律同时进行变奏而形成的织体。
6. Dynamics & Articulation | 力度与发音法
Pianissimo (pp): Very soft.
极弱 (pp)：非常轻柔。
Fortissimo (ff): Very loud.
极强 (ff)：非常响亮。
Crescendo (cresc.): Gradually getting louder.
渐强：音量逐渐增大。
Diminuendo (dim.): Gradually getting softer.
渐弱：音量逐渐减小。
Staccato: Short, detached notes, indicated by a dot above or below the note head.
断奏：短促、分离的音，用符头上方或下方的圆点表示。
Legato: Smooth, connected notes, often indicated by a slur mark.
连奏：圆滑、连贯的演奏法，常用连音线表示。
Accent: Emphasis on a particular note, shown by a > sign.
重音：对特定音符的强调，用 > 符号标记。
Marcato: Marked, stressed, each note emphasised more strongly than an accent.
加强音：比普通重音更明显的强调，每个音都加重。
7. Structure & Form | 结构与曲式
Binary form (AB): Two contrasting sections, often repeated, commonly A||B||.
二段体 (AB)：两个对比段落，常反复，典型为 A||B||。
Ternary form (ABA): Three sections where the first returns after a contrasting middle section.
三段体 (ABA)：三个段落，对比的中段后第一段再现。
Rondo form (ABACA): A recurring main theme alternating with contrasting episodes.
回旋曲式 (ABACA)：重复出现的主要主题与对比插部交替。
Sonata form: A large-scale form comprising exposition (two themes), development and recapitulation, often with coda.
奏鸣曲式：大型曲式，包含呈示部（两个主题）、展开部与再现部，常带尾声。
Theme and variations: A theme presented and then altered in successive variations.
主题与变奏：先呈现主题，再通过连续变奏对其加以变化。
Strophic form: Same music repeated for each verse, common in songs.
分节歌形式：每段歌词使用相同旋律，常见于艺术歌曲。
Through-composed: No repetition of large sections; music follows the text continuously.
通谱体：无明显段落反复，音乐随歌词连续发展。
8. Timbre & Instruments | 音色与乐器
Strings: Family including violin, viola, cello, double bass, often using arco (bowed) or pizzicato (plucked).
弦乐器：包括小提琴、中提琴、大提琴、低音提琴的家族，常用弓奏或拨奏。
Woodwind: Flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon; sound produced by reed or air splitting.
木管乐器：长笛、双簧管、单簧管、大管；通过簧片或气流切割发声。
Brass: Trumpet, French horn, trombone, tuba; sound produced by lip vibration.
铜管乐器：小号、圆号、长号、大号；通过嘴唇振动发声。
Percussion: Tuned (timpani, xylophone) and untuned (snare drum, cymbals) instruments.
打击乐器：有固定音高（定音鼓、木琴）和无固定音高（小军鼓、钹）乐器。
Voices: SOPRANO (high female), ALTO (low female), TENOR (high male), BASS (low male).
人声：女高音（高音女声）、女低音（低音女声）、男高音（高音男声）、男低音（低音男声）。
Tessitura: The most comfortable vocal or instrumental range within a piece.
常用音域：乐曲中人声或乐器最舒适的音区范围。
Virginal: A small plucked keyboard instrument of the Renaissance and Baroque periods, quiet and intimate.
维金纳琴：文艺复兴与巴洛克时期的小型拨弦键盘乐器，音色柔和、亲切。
9. Style & Period | 风格与时期
Baroque (c.1600-1750): Characterised by ornamentation, terraced dynamics, basso continuo, and contrapuntal textures.
巴洛克时期 (约 1600-1750)：以装饰音、阶梯力度、通奏低音和对位织体为特征。
Classical (c.1750-1820): Emphasised balance, clarity, homophonic textures, and formal structures such as sonata form.
古典时期 (约 1750-1820)：强调均衡、清晰、主调织体以及奏鸣曲式等形式结构。
Romantic (c.1820-1900): Expressive, emotional, expanded orchestra, chromatic harmony, programme music.
浪漫时期 (约 1820-1900)：富有表现力与情感，乐队规模扩大，使用半音化和声，标题音乐兴起。
20th Century: Diverse styles including impressionism, expressionism, serialism, minimalism, and jazz influences.
20 世纪：风格多样，包括印象主义、表现主义、序列主义、极简主义以及爵士乐影响。
Nationalism: Use of folk melodies, dances, and national themes in art music.
民族主义：在艺术音乐中使用民间旋律、舞蹈和民族题材元素。
Minimalism: Style built on repetitive patterns, gradual change, drones, and static harmony.
极简主义：建立在重复音型、逐渐变化、持续低音和静态和声上的风格。
Jazz: Features swung rhythm, blue notes, improvisation, and syncopation.
爵士乐：以摇摆节奏、蓝音、即兴和切分为特征。
10. Tempo & Expression | 速度与表情
Largo: Very slow and broad.
广板 (Largo)：非常缓慢且宽广。
Allegro: Fast, lively.
快板 (Allegro)：快速、活泼。
Andante: At a walking pace, moderately slow.
行板 (Andante)：步行速度，中速偏慢。
Ritardando (rit.): Gradually slowing down.
渐慢 (rit.)：速度逐渐变慢。
Accelerando (accel.): Gradually speeding up.
渐快 (accel.)：速度逐渐加快。
Dolce: Sweetly, gently.
柔和地 (Dolce)：甜美、温柔地演奏。
Espressivo: Expressively, with emotion.
富有表情地 (Espressivo)：充满感情地演奏。
Maestoso: Majestic, dignified.
庄严地 (Maestoso)：宏伟、高贵地演奏。
11. Ornamentation | 装饰音
Trill: Rapid alternation between two adjacent notes, usually a semitone or tone apart.
颤音：在两个相邻音符之间快速交替，通常相隔半音或全音。
Turn: A four-note ornament consisting of the note above, the note itself, the note below, and the note itself.
回音：一个四音组成的装饰音，依次演奏上方音、本音、下方音、本音。
Mordent (upper): A rapid single alternation of the written note with the note above, then the written note again.
上波音：本音与上方音快速交替一次，再回到本音。
Appoggiatura: A leaning note, a non-chord tone that takes part of the value of the following note, creating expressive dissonance.
倚音：一种倚靠音，为和弦外音，占用后续音符的部分时值，造成富有表现力的不协和。
Acciaccatura: A crushed note, a very brief ornamental note before the principal note, often notated as a small note with a stroke through the stem.
短倚音 (碎音)：一种挤压式的极短装饰音，位于主音之前，通常记作带斜线的小音符。
Grace note: General term for a small ornamental note, often an acciaccatura or appoggiatura, but played quickly.
花音：小型装饰音符的统称，通常为短倚音或倚音，演奏迅速。
12. Compositional Devices | 作曲手法
Augmentation: Increasing the note values of a melody, making it feel slower.
增时：将旋律的音符时值成倍增加，使旋律变慢。
Diminution: Decreasing the note values of a melody, making it feel faster.
减时：将旋律的音符时值成倍减少，使旋律变快。
Inversion: Turning a melody upside down, so that ascending intervals become descending and vice versa.
倒影：将旋律音程上下翻转，上行变为下行，反之亦然。
Retrograde: Playing a melody backwards.
逆行：将旋律反向演奏。
Ostinato: A persistently repeated musical pattern, often in the bass.
固定音型：持续重复的音乐模式，常见于低音声部。
Ground bass: A repeating bass line over which variations occur, common in Baroque music.
基础低音：不断重复的低音旋律线，上方进行变奏，常见于巴洛克音乐。
Word painting: Musical depiction of words or phrases, e.g., ascending melody for 'rising'.
词画描绘：用音乐描绘歌词含义，如用上行旋律表示"升起"。
Call and response: A musical phrase answered by a following phrase, often between soloist and group.
呼唤与应答：一个乐句被另一乐句回应，常见于独唱与合唱之间。
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