📚 IB WJEC Science: Formula Summary Handbook | IB WJEC 科学:公式汇总手册
A solid command of scientific formulae is essential for success in both IB and WJEC science courses. This handbook compiles the most frequently used equations across physics, chemistry, and biology, with clear explanations of each term. Use it as a quick reference during revision and when practising exam-style questions.
牢固掌握科学公式对于在 IB 和 WJEC 科学课程中取得成功至关重要。本手册汇编了物理、化学和生物学科中最常用的方程式,并清晰解释了每一项的含义。在复习和练习考试题型时,请将其作为快速参考。
1. Motion and Forces | 运动与力
rage speed v is given by v = d / t, where d is distance travelled and t is the time taken.
平均速度 v 由 v = d / t 给出,其中 d 是移动距离,t 是所用时间。
cceleration, final velocity v = u + a t, with u being initial velocity and a acceleration.
对于匀加速运动,末速度 v = u + a t,其中 u 是初速度,a 是加速度。
½ a t². The alternative form v² = u² + 2 a s links velocity and displacement without time.
位移 s 可通过 s = u t + ½ a t² 求得。另一种形式 v² = u² + 2 a s 将速度和位移联系起来,无需时间。
Newton's second law states F = m a, where F is net force, m is mass, and a is acceleration.
牛顿第二定律表述为 F = m a,其中 F 是合力,m 是质量,a 是加速度。
Momentum p = m v. Impulse equals change in momentum: F t = Δ p, often calculated as m v – m u.
动量 p = m v。冲量等于动量的变化:F t = Δ p,通常计算为 m v – m u。
- Friction force f ≤ μ R, where μ is coefficient of friction and R is normal reaction force.
- 摩擦力 f ≤ μ R,其中 μ 是摩擦系数,R 是法向反作用力。
2. Energy and Work | 能量与功
where θ is the angle between the force and displacement. When force is parallel, W = F d.
做功 W = F d cos θ,其中 θ 是力与位移之间的夹角。当力与位移平行时,W = F d。
ential energy Eₚ = m g h, where g is gravitational field strength (= 9.81 m s⁻² on Earth).
动能 Eₖ = ½ m v²,重力势能 Eₚ = m g h,其中 g 是重力场强度(地球上为 9.81 m s⁻²)。
Power P = W / t or P = F v for an object moving at constant speed v against a force F.
功率 P = W / t,或当物体以恒定速度 v 克服力 F 运动时,P = F v。
Efficiency = (useful energy output / total energy input) × 100%.
效率 =(有用能量输出 / 总能量输入)× 100%。
3. Electricity and Circuits | 电学与电路
Ohm's law: V = I R, where V is potential difference, I is current, and R is resistance.
欧姆定律:V = I R,其中 V 是电势差,I 是电流,R 是电阻。
esistance of a wire R = ρ L / A, with ρ resistivity, L length, and A cross-sectional area.
导线的电阻 R = ρ L / A,其中 ρ 是电阻率,L 是长度,A 是横截面积。
Power in an electrical component: P = I V = I² R = V² / R.
电器元件的功率:P = I V = I² R = V² / R。
Charge Q = I t. Energy transferred E = Q V = I t V.
电荷量 Q = I t。能量转移 E = Q V = I t V。
rywhere. In parallel: 1/Rₜ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ... and voltage is the same across each branch.
在串联电路中:Rₜ = R₁ + R₂ + ...,且各处电流相等。在并联电路中:1/Rₜ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ...,且各支路电压相同。
4. Waves and Optics | 波动与光学
Wave speed v = f λ, where f is frequency and λ is wavelength.
波速 v = f λ,其中 f 是频率,λ 是波长。
= 1 / f. For a sound wave, the distance travelled d = v t and the echo principle applies.
周期 T = 1 / f。对于声波,行进距离 d = v t,并可应用回声原理。
e index n = c / v, where c is speed of light in vacuum and v is speed in the medium. Snell's law: n₁ sin θ₁ = n₂ sin θ₂.
折射率 n = c / v,其中 c 是真空中的光速,v 是介质中的光速。斯涅尔定律:n₁ sin θ₁ = n₂ sin θ₂。
Critical angle θc: sin θc = 1 / n (when light travels from denser to less dense medium).
临界角 θc:sin θc = 1 / n(当光从光密介质射向光疏介质时)。
= image height / object height = v / u (where v is image distance, u is object distance).
透镜的放大率 M = 像高 / 物高 = v / u(其中 v 是像距,u 是物距)。
5. Thermal Physics | 热物理学
re Q is heat energy, m is mass, c is specific heat capacity, and Δθ is temperature change.
比热容:Q = m c Δθ,其中 Q 是热量,m 是质量,c 是比热容,Δθ 是温度变化。
Specific latent heat: Q = m L, with L being latent heat of fusion or vaporisation.
比潜热:Q = m L,其中 L 是熔化潜热或汽化潜热。
s pressure, V volume, n number of moles, R the gas constant (8.31 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹), and T absolute temperature.
理想气体状态方程:p V = n R T,其中 p 是压强,V 是体积,n 是物质的量,R 是气体常数(8.31 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹),T 是绝对温度。
Average kinetic energy of a gas particle Eₖ = 3/2 k T, where k is Boltzmann constant.
气体分子的平均动能 Eₖ = 3/2 k T,其中 k 是玻尔兹曼常数。
6. Nuclear and Quantum Physics | 原子与量子物理
N₀ is initial number of nuclei, λ the decay constant, and t time. Half-life T½ = ln 2 / λ.
放射性衰变定律:N = N₀ e⁻λ t,其中 N₀ 是初始原子核数,λ 是衰变常数,t 是时间。半衰期 T½ = ln 2 / λ。
Energy–mass equivalence: E = m c², where m is the mass defect and c is the speed of light.
质能方程:E = m c²,其中 m 是质量亏损,c 是光速。
Photon energy E = h f = h c / λ, with h being Planck constant (6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ J s).
光子能量 E = h f = h c / λ,其中 h 是普朗克常数(6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ J s)。
7. Chemical Quantities and the Mole | 化学计量与摩尔
Number of moles n = m / M, where m is mass in grams and M is molar mass in g mol⁻¹.
物质的量 n = m / M,其中 m 是质量(克),M 是摩尔质量(g mol⁻¹)。
s at room temperature and pressure, molar volume ≈ 24 dm³ mol⁻¹, so volume V = n × 24 dm³.
在常温常压下,气体摩尔体积 ≈ 24 dm³ mol⁻¹,因此体积 V = n × 24 dm³。
Concentration c = n / V, typically in mol dm⁻³, where V is volume of solution in dm³.
浓度 c = n / V,通常单位为 mol dm⁻³,其中 V 是溶液体积(dm³)。
Number of particles N = n × Nₐ, where Nₐ is Avogadro’s constant (6.02 × 10²³ mol⁻¹).
粒子数 N = n × Nₐ,其中 Nₐ 是阿伏伽德罗常数(6.02 × 10²³ mol⁻¹)。
8. Energetics and Thermodynamics | 能量学与热力学
Enthalpy change ΔH = H(products) – reactants). Exothermic reactions have negative ΔH; endothermic reactions have positive ΔH.
焓变 ΔH = H(生成物)– H(反应物)。放热反应的 ΔH 为负值;吸热反应的 ΔH 为正值。
Heat change measured by calorimetry: q = m c ΔT, then ΔH = –q / n (at constant pressure).
量热法测量热量变化:q = m c ΔT,然后 ΔH = –q / n(恒压条件下)。
Bond enthalpy: ΔH ≈ Σ (bond enthalpies broken) – Σ (bond enthalpies formed).
键焓:ΔH ≈ Σ(断裂的键焓)– Σ(形成的键焓)。
9. Equilibrium and Acids & Bases | 平衡与酸碱
Equilibrium constant Kc = [C]c [D]d / [A]a [B]b for aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD, using concentrations in mol dm⁻³.
平衡常数 Kc = [C]c [D]d / [A]a [B]b,适用于 aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD,使用浓度单位为 mol dm⁻³。
For gases, Kp uses partial pressures. Le Chatelier's principle predicts shift direction, but the value of Kc or Kp is constant at fixed temperature.
对于气体,Kp 使用分压。勒夏特列原理可预测平衡移动方向,但 Kc 或 Kp 的值在恒温下不变。
pH = – ere [H⁺] is hydrogen ion concentration in mol dm⁻³. For strong monoprotic acids, [H⁺] = c.
pH = –log₁₀[H⁺],其中 [H⁺] 是氢离子浓度(mol dm⁻³)。对于强一元酸,[H⁺] = c。
Ionic product of water Kw = [H⁺][OH⁻] = 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁴ at 298 K. pOH = –log[OH⁻] and pH + pOH = 14.
水的离子积 Kw = [H⁺][OH⁻] = 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁴(298 K)。pOH = –log[OH⁻],且 pH + pOH = 14。
10. Cell Biology and Magnification | 细胞生物学与放大率
imen. Rearranged, actual size = image size / M. All measurements must be in the same unit.
放大率 M = 图像大小 / 标本实际大小。变换后,实际大小 = 图像大小 / M。所有测量单位必须一致。
division is calibrated with a stage micrometer. Magnification can be stated as ×400, etc.
使用目镜测微尺时,每个刻度的实际长度需通过镜台测微尺校准。放大率可表示为 ×400 等。
influences diffusion efficiency. For a cube of side L, SA = 6 L², V = L³, so SA:V = 6 / L.
表面积与体积之比(SA:V)影响扩散效率。对于边长为 L 的立方体,SA = 6 L²,V = L³,因此 SA:V = 6 / L。
11. Genetics and Chi-squared | 遗传学与卡方检验
Monohybrid cross: genotype ratio often 1:2:1 for a heterozygous cross; phenotype ratio 3:1 for dominant–recessive trait.
单基因杂交:杂合子杂交的基因型比通常为 1:2:1;显隐性性状的表型比为 3:1。
Hardy– + q² = 1, where p is frequency of dominant allele, q of recessive allele. Also p + q = 1.
哈迪–温伯格原理:p² + 2pq + q² = 1,其中 p 为显性等位基因频率,q 为隐性等位基因频率。同时 p + q = 1。
Chi-squared test χ² = Σ [(O – bserved value and E expected value. Compare to critical value at given degrees of freedom.
卡方检验 χ² = Σ [(O – E)² / E],其中 O 是观测值,E 是预期值。需与给定自由度下的临界值进行比较。
12. Data Analysis and Graphical Skills | 数据分析与作图技巧
Mean value x̄ = Σ x / n. Uncertainty of a measurement is often half the smallest scale division.
平均值 x̄ = Σ x / n。测量值的不确定度通常是仪器最小刻度值的一半。
Percentage uncertainty = (absolute uncertainty / measurement) × 100% g, add absolute uncertainties; when multiplying or dividing, add percentage uncertainties.
百分不确定度 =(绝对不确定度 / 测量值)× 100%。加减运算时,相加绝对不确定度;乘除运算时,相加百分不确定度。
: y = m x + c. For a directly proportional relationship, the line goes through the origin.
斜率 m = Δ y / Δ x;y 轴截距 c 在 x = 0 处求得。线性关系:y = m x + c。若为正比关系,直线通过原点。
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