📚 Luxembourg: The World's Only Grand Duchy | 卢森堡：世界上唯一的大公国
Luxembourg is a tiny country in the heart of Europe and the smallest grand duchy in the world. Despite its modest size, it is famous around the globe for its distinctive character and its prosperous financial industry, and for the way such a small state plays such a large international role.
卢森堡是欧洲的一个袖珍国度，也是全世界最小的大公国。虽然面积不大，但它凭借独特的韵味与繁荣的金融业而享誉全球，更以一个小国却在国际上扮演重要角色而闻名。
This article keeps the original overview and expands it: geography and neighbours, the only grand duchy on earth, a history going back to the 10th century, EU founding membership and the euro, banking and finance, transport, the capital city, castles and museums, the Mullerthal and Echternach, languages and multicultural society, education and healthcare, and finally living standards and welfare.
本文在保留原有内容的基础上进行扩充：地理位置与邻国、地球上唯一的大公国、可追溯至公元10世纪的历史、欧盟创始成员国与欧元、银行业与金融、交通、首都、城堡与博物馆、穆勒塞尔与埃希特尔哈斯、语言与多元社会、教育与医疗，以及最后的生活水平与社会福利。
1. Location and Neighbours | 地理位置与邻国
Luxembourg lies in the very centre of western Europe, tucked between Germany to the east, France to the south and Belgium to the west and north. It is a landlocked country with no coastline at all, sitting roughly between 49°N and 50°N and around 6°E. The total length of its land borders is only about 359 km, which is one reason why the country is often described as a crossroads rather than a destination.
卢森堡位于西欧的正中心地带，东邻德国，南接法国，西面和北面与比利时接壤。它是一个完全的内陆国家，没有任何海岸线，大致位于北纬 49° 至 50°、东经 6° 附近。其陆地边界总长仅约 359 公里，这也是它常被形容为"十字路口"而非单纯目的地的原因之一。
Two great river systems, the Meuse and the Rhine, frame the country's geography. In the north the Ardennes plateau gives Luxembourg its wooded, hilly "Éislek" landscape, while the south, known as the Gutland, is gentler and more agricultural, and the far south-east along the Moselle produces well-known white wines.
两条大河体系——默兹河与莱茵河——构成了这个国家的地理框架。北部阿登高地为卢森堡带来林木茂密、丘陵起伏的"埃斯莱克"（Éislek）景观；南部被称为古特兰（Gutland），地势更为平缓、农业色彩更浓；而东南部沿摩泽尔河一带则出产著名的白葡萄酒。
2. The Smallest Grand Duchy in the World | 世界上最小的大公国
Luxembourg is the only sovereign grand duchy in the world today, and it is the smallest such state by both area and population. Its territory covers about 2,586 km², and its population is roughly 670,000 - a figure that has grown remarkably fast over the past two decades. The capital, Luxembourg City, is by far the largest urban centre.
卢森堡是当今世界上唯一的主权大公国，无论按面积还是人口计算，都是此类政体中最小的一個。其国土面积约 2,586 平方公里，人口约 67 万——这一数字在过去二十年里增长非常迅速。首都卢森堡市是该国最大的城市中心。
For administration the country is divided into 12 cantons and around 100 communes, with a highly decentralised system of local government. The head of state is the Grand Duke, who reigns but does not rule; executive power is exercised by a prime minister and a cabinet responsible to the unicameral Chamber of Deputies, elected by proportional representation.
在行政上，全国划分为 12 个州（canton）和约 100 个市镇，地方政府体系高度分权。国家元首是大公，君主"在位而不治"；行政权由首相及内阁行使，内阁对一院制的众议院负责，众议院按比例代表制选举产生。
- Area: about 2,586 km² | 面积：约 2,586 平方公里
- Population: roughly 670,000 | 人口：约 67 万
- Highest point: Kneiff, 560 m | 最高点：克奈夫山，560 米
- Official languages: Luxembourgish, French, German | 官方语言：卢森堡语、法语、德语
3. From the Tenth Century to the Modern State | 从公元 10 世纪到现代国家
Luxembourg's history can be traced back to the 10th century. In 963 Count Siegfried acquired a small rocky promontory called Lucilinburhuc - "little fortress" - from the Abbey of St. Maximin in Trier, and this is traditionally treated as the founding moment. The fortress that grew on the Bock rock became one of the strongest in Europe and earned the nickname "the Gibraltar of the North".
卢森堡的历史可以追溯到公元 10 世纪。公元 963 年，西格弗里德伯爵从特里尔的圣马克西敏修道院获得了名为"卢西林堡"（Lucilinburhuc，意为"小城堡"）的岩石高地，这被视为建国之始。此后在博克岩上建起的要塞成为欧洲最坚固的要塞之一，并赢得"北方直布罗陀"的绰号。
The grand duchy was ruled by hereditary noble families for centuries. In the 14th century the House of Luxembourg even provided Holy Roman Emperors, including Henry VII, Charles IV and Sigismund. The territory later passed through Burgundian, Habsburg, Spanish, French and Austrian hands; Louis XIV's armies took the city in 1684, and Vauban strengthened its defences.
这一大公国由世袭贵族家族统治了数百年。14 世纪时，卢森堡家族甚至产生了数位神圣罗马帝国皇帝，包括亨利七世、查理四世和西吉斯蒙德。这片土地后来先后归属勃艮第、哈布斯堡、西班牙、法国和奥地利；1684 年路易十四的军队攻占该城，沃邦又加固了其防御工事。
In 1815 the Congress of Vienna made Luxembourg a grand duchy in personal union with the Netherlands. The Treaty of London of 1839 partitioned it, giving the western, French-speaking part to Belgium and leaving the present territory. In 1867 another Treaty of London guaranteed its neutrality and the fortress was dismantled. In 1890 it gained its own dynasty under Grand Duke Adolphe of Nassau-Weilburg.
1815 年维也纳会议将卢森堡确立为与荷兰共主的大公国。1839 年的《伦敦条约》对其进行了分割，把西部讲法语的地区划给比利时，余下部分即今日疆域。1867 年的另一个《伦敦条约》保证其中立地位，要塞随之拆除。1890 年，卢森堡在拿骚-魏尔堡家族阿道夫大公治下拥有了自己的王朝。
Germany occupied the country in both world wars, and in the winter of 1944-45 the Ardennes offensive was fought partly on Luxembourg soil. After 1945 the country abandoned neutrality, joined Benelux, became a founding member of NATO in 1949 and of the European Communities in 1957, and gradually transformed into the peaceful, prosperous state we know today.
两次世界大战中德国均占领了该国，1944 至 1945 年冬天的阿登攻势也部分在卢森堡境内展开。1945 年后，该国放弃中立，加入比荷卢联盟，1949 年成为北约创始成员国，1957 年成为欧洲共同体创始成员国，并逐渐转变为我们今天所知的和平、繁荣的国家。
4. A Founding Member of the European Union | 欧盟创始成员国
Luxembourg is one of the six founding members of the European project, having signed the Treaty of Rome in 1957 that created the European Economic Community. Its currency is the euro, which it adopted in 1999 for accounting purposes and in 2002 as coins and banknotes. Before that, the Luxembourg franc circulated at par with the Belgian franc.
卢森堡是欧洲一体化事业的六个创始成员国之一，于 1957 年签署了建立欧洲经济共同体的《罗马条约》。其流通货币是欧元，1999 年起用于记账，2002 年起发行硬币和纸币。在此之前，卢森堡法郎与比利时法郎等值流通。
The country's European role goes far beyond symbolism. The Schengen Agreement, which created the passport-free travel area now covering most of Europe, was signed in 1985 on a boat near the village of Schengen on the Moselle, and it entered into force in 1995. Luxembourg City hosts the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Court of Auditors and the European Investment Bank, and it is one of the seats of the European Parliament.
这个国家在欧洲的角色远不止象征意义。建立如今覆盖欧洲大部分地区免护照通行区的《申根协定》，于 1985 年在摩泽尔河畔申根村附近的一艘船上签署，并于 1995 年生效。卢森堡市设有欧盟法院、欧洲审计院和欧洲投资银行，同时也是欧洲议会的所在地之一。
| Institution | 机构 | Location | 所在地 |
| Court of Justice of the EU | 欧盟法院 | Luxembourg City | 卢森堡市 |
| European Court of Auditors | 欧洲审计院 | Luxembourg City | 卢森堡市 |
| European Investment Bank | 欧洲投资银行 | Luxembourg City | 卢森堡市 |
| European Parliament (secretariat) | 欧洲议会（秘书处） | Luxembourg City | 卢森堡市 |
5. A Global Financial and Banking Centre | 全球金融与银行业中心
Luxembourg is one of the world's most important financial and banking centres. Around 120 banks from many countries are established there, alongside hundreds of insurance companies, law firms, audit firms and fund administrators. The country is the leading centre for cross-border investment funds in Europe and the second-largest fund centre in the world after the United States, with assets under management measured in trillions of euros.
卢森堡是全球最重要的金融与银行业中心之一。来自许多国家的约 120 家银行在此设立机构，此外还有数百家保险公司、律师事务所、审计事务所和基金管理公司。该国是欧洲领先的跨境投资基金中心，也是继美国之后全球第二大基金中心，管理资产以万亿欧元计。
The Luxembourg Stock Exchange, founded in 1928, specialises in listing international bonds and green and sustainable securities. Clearstream, one of the world's main settlement and custody houses, is based in the city, and the regulatory framework is supervised by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF) and the central bank, the Banque centrale du Luxembourg.
成立于 1928 年的卢森堡证券交易所专长于国际债券以及绿色和可持续证券的上市。全球主要的结算与托管机构之一 Clearstream 总部设在该市，其监管框架由金融业监管委员会（CSSF）和中央银行——卢森堡中央银行负责监督。
The sector thrives for three practical reasons: political and economic stability, a legal system adapted to international finance, and a multilingual workforce. That combination has attracted a large number of international financial institutions and multinational companies, which is exactly why the financial industry contributes such a large share of national output and tax revenue.
该行业蓬勃发展的原因有三个实际因素：政治与经济的稳定、适应国际金融的法律体系，以及多语言劳动力。这种组合吸引了大量国际金融机构和跨国企业落户，也正是金融业在国民产出和税收中占比如此之高的原因。
6. A Transport Hub in the Heart of Europe | 欧洲腹地的交通枢纽
Luxembourg's central position and excellent infrastructure have made it a genuine European transport hub. The country has one of the densest motorway and rail networks in Europe for its size, and the CFL railway connects it directly to Paris, Brussels, Trier, Metz and beyond. High-speed services reach Paris in a little over two hours.
卢森堡居中的地理位置和优良的基础设施使之成为名副其实的欧洲交通枢纽。以其面积而言，该国拥有欧洲最密集的高速公路和铁路网络之一，卢森堡国家铁路（CFL）将其与巴黎、布鲁塞尔、特里尔、梅斯等地直接相连，高速列车到巴黎仅需两个多小时。
Findel Airport, just outside the capital, is one of Europe's busiest cargo airports and an important base for freight operators, while the Moselle river allows inland navigation through the port of Mertert. Since 1 March 2020 the entire national public transport network - buses, trains and trams - has been free of charge for everyone, the first country in the world to take such a step.
位于首都郊外的芬德尔机场是欧洲最繁忙的货运机场之一，也是货运运营商的重要基地；摩泽尔河则通过梅尔特尔港提供内河航运。自 2020 年 3 月 1 日起，全国公共交通网络——公交、火车和有轨电车——对所有人免费，卢森堡成为世界上第一个采取这一举措的国家。
- Free nationwide public transport since 2020 | 2020 年起全国公共交通免费
- Direct high-speed rail to Paris and Brussels | 直达巴黎和布鲁塞尔的高铁
- Findel: major European air-cargo base | 芬德尔：欧洲主要航空货运基地
- Mertert: inland port on the Moselle | 梅尔特尔：摩泽尔河内河港口
7. Luxembourg City, the Capital | 首都卢森堡市
In the capital, visitors can explore a remarkable concentration of historic monuments. The old quarters and fortifications of Luxembourg City were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1994, recognising the way the city's defences were carved into the rock over centuries and then partly dismantled after 1867.
在首都，游人能遍览众多古老城堡、教堂和博物馆。卢森堡市的老城区与防御工事于 1994 年被列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录，以认可这座城市的防御体系数百年来在岩石中开凿修筑、又于 1867 年后部分拆除的历史价值。
The city is famous for its winding streets, old buildings and charming views. The Chemin de la Corniche, a walkway above the Alzette valley, is often called "Europe's most beautiful balcony"; the Bock Casemates are 17 km of underground galleries; the Adolphe Bridge and the Grand Ducal Palace are landmarks of the Ville Haute, while the lower quarters of Grund, Clausen and Pfaffenthal retain a village atmosphere.
这座城市以蜿蜒的街巷、古朴的建筑和迷人的景观著称。俯瞰阿尔泽特河谷的科尼什小道常被称为"欧洲最美的阳台"；博克炮台是长达 17 公里的地下通道；阿道夫桥和大公宫是上城的地标，而下城区的格伦德、克劳森和普法芬塔尔则保留着乡村般的气息。
8. Castles, Churches and Museums | 城堡、教堂与博物馆
Beyond the capital, the country is dotted with castles that reflect its medieval and early modern past. Vianden Castle, restored after the Second World War, is one of the largest fortified castles in Europe; Bourscheid, Beaufort, Clervaux and Esch-sur-Sûre are other well-known examples, several of them open to the public as museums or exhibition venues.
在首都之外，全国遍布折射其中世纪和近代早期历史的城堡。二战后修复的维安登城堡是欧洲最大的防御性城堡之一；布尔沙伊德、博福特、克莱沃和叙尔河畔埃施也是著名例子，其中数座作为博物馆或展览场所向公众开放。
Religious architecture is equally rich. Notre-Dame Cathedral in Luxembourg City, originally a Jesuit church from the 17th century, became a cathedral in 1870, and the crypt of Saint Michael's Church contains traces going back to the 10th century. The abbey at Echternach, founded by Saint Willibrord around 700, was for centuries one of the great cultural centres of the region.
宗教建筑同样丰富。卢森堡市的圣母大教堂原为 17 世纪的耶稣会教堂，1870 年升格为主教座堂；圣米迦勒教堂的地下墓室则保留着可追溯至 10 世纪的遗迹。由圣威利布罗德约于公元 700 年创建的埃希特尔哈斯修道院，数百年来一直是该地区重要的文化中心之一。
Museums complete the picture: the National Museum of History and Art (MNHA), the National Museum of Natural History, the Museum Dräi Eechelen in the restored Fort Thüngen, the modern art museum MUDAM designed by I. M. Pei, and the Lëtzebuerg City Museum. Together they explain why the country attracts large numbers of visitors every year.
博物馆则使这幅图景更完整：国家历史与艺术博物馆（MNHA）、国家自然历史博物馆、设于修复后的滕根堡的"三橡果"博物馆、由贝聿铭设计的现代艺术博物馆 MUDAM，以及卢森堡城市博物馆。它们共同解释了为何该国每年吸引大批游客前来探访。
9. Mullerthal and the Echternach Observatory | 穆勒塞尔峡谷与埃希特尔哈斯天文台
Luxembourg also offers beautiful natural scenery, especially in the east and north. The Mullerthal region, nicknamed "Little Switzerland", is a landscape of sandstone gorges, strange rock formations and beech forest. The Mullerthal Trail, about 112 km long and split into three loops, is one of Europe's best-known long-distance walking routes, and the Schiessentümpel waterfall is its most photographed spot.
卢森堡同样拥有风光秀丽的自然去处，尤其在东部和北部。素有"小瑞士"之称的穆勒塞尔地区，是砂岩峡谷、奇特岩层和山毛榉森林交织的景观。全长约 112 公里、分为三条环线的穆勒塞尔步道是欧洲最著名的长途徒步路线之一，而希森滕佩尔瀑布则是被拍摄最多的景点。
Echternach, the country's oldest town, sits on the Sauer river on the German border and is the gateway to this region. Nearby, the Echternach observatory gives visitors a chance to look at the night sky, while the Upper Sûre Nature Park and the Ardennes reservoir offer swimming, cycling and kayaking. Here visitors can explore at leisure and enjoy what nature has to offer.
该国最古老的城镇埃希特尔哈斯坐落于德法边境的绍尔河畔，是通往这一地区的门户。附近的埃希特尔哈斯天文台为游客提供观测夜空的机会，而上叙尔自然公园和阿登水库则提供游泳、骑行和皮划艇等活动。在这里，人们可以尽情探寻、享受大自然的馈赠。
10. Languages and a Multicultural Society | 语言与多元文化社会
Luxembourgish society is highly diverse and international. About half of the resident population does not hold Luxembourgish nationality, and residents come from more than 170 countries; the largest foreign communities are Portuguese, French, Italian, Belgian and German. In addition, roughly 200,000 cross-border workers
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