📚 A-Level OCR Politics: Glossary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | A-Level OCR 政治：词汇术语速记指南
This revision guide is designed to help A-Level OCR Politics students rapidly memorise essential political terminology. Each key term is defined in clear English and paired with a concise Chinese equivalent, covering UK politics, core ideologies, and US comparative politics. Mastering these concepts is crucial for achieving high marks in the examination.
本速记指南旨在帮助 A-Level OCR 政治学生快速记忆基本政治术语。每个关键术语均以清晰的英文定义并配以简明中文释义，涵盖英国政治、核心意识形态及美国比较政治。掌握这些概念对于在考试中取得高分至关重要。
1. Foundational Concepts | 基础概念
Power: The capacity to influence or control the behaviour of others, either through coercion, persuasion, or authority. In politics, it is the central currency.
权力：影响或控制他人行为的能力，可通过强制、说服或权威实现。在政治中，这是核心通货。
Authority: Legitimate power; the right to make decisions and command obedience because it is accepted as lawful and proper.
权威：合法权力；被认可为正当且合法的决策权和使他人服从的权利。
Legitimacy: The belief that a government, leader, or system has the right to rule. Elections and constitutional procedures confer legitimacy.
合法性：认为政府、领袖或制度拥有统治权利的信念。选举和宪法程序赋予合法性。
Sovereignty: Supreme, unchallengeable authority within a territory. In the UK, parliamentary sovereignty means Parliament is the supreme legal authority.
主权：在一领土内至高无上、不可挑战的权威。在英国，议会主权意味着议会是最高法律权威。
Rule of Law: The principle that everyone, including the government, is subject to and accountable under the law, which should be fair, applied equally, and enforced by independent courts.
法治：包括政府在内的所有人均受法律约束并对其负责，法律应当公平、平等适用并由独立法院执行的原则。
2. Democracy and Participation | 民主与参与
Democracy: A system of government in which power is exercised by the people, either directly or through elected representatives. Key features include free elections, civil liberties, and the rule of law.
民主：由人民直接或通过民选代表行使权力的政府体制。关键特征包括自由选举、公民自由和法治。
Direct Democracy: Citizens make policy decisions themselves, for example through referendums, rather than delegating to representatives. The 2016 Brexit referendum is a prominent example.
直接民主：公民自己做出政策决定，例如通过全民公投，而非委托代表。2016 年脱欧公投是一个突出例子。
Representative Democracy: Citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. The UK's House of Commons operates under this model, with MPs accountable to constituents.
代议制民主：公民选举代表代表他们做出决策。英国下议院即按此模式运作，国会议员对选民负责。
Participation Crisis: Concern that declining voter turnout, falling party membership, and political apathy undermine democratic legitimacy. Some scholars argue this reflects a disconnect between citizens and the political establishment.
参与危机：对投票率下降、党员减少和政治冷漠可能削弱民主合法性的担忧。一些学者认为，这反映公民与政治建制之间的脱节。
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