📚 A-Level OCR Spanish: Quick-Reference Handbook of Formulas and Rules | A-Level OCR 西班牙语：公式定理速查手册
This handbook distils the essential grammar “formulas” and structural rules required for the A-Level OCR Spanish examinations. It covers core verb tenses, the subjunctive mood, pronominal constructions, common connectors, and idiomatic expressions. Use it as a last-minute revision checklist to ensure every grammatical structure is secure before the exam.
本手册提炼了 A-Level OCR 西班牙语考试必备的核心语法“公式”和结构规则，涵盖核心动词时态、虚拟语气、代词结构、常见连接词和惯用表达。将其用作考前最后一分钟复习清单，确保每条语法结构都万无一失。
1. Present Tense Regular Conjugations | 现在时规则动词变位公式
The present tense is formed by removing the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and adding the following endings. Memorise them as your base formula for all regular verbs.
现在时去掉不定式词尾 (-ar, -er, -ir) 并添加下列词尾构成。将其作为所有规则动词的基础公式牢记。
| Person | -ar (hablar) | -er (comer) | -ir (vivir) |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo | -o (hablo) | -o (como) | -o (vivo) |
| tú | -as (hablas) | -es (comes) | -es (vives) |
| él/ella/usted | -a (habla) | -e (come) | -e (vive) |
| nosotros/as | -amos (hablamos) | -emos (comemos) | -imos (vivimos) |
| vosotros/as | -áis (habláis) | -éis (coméis) | -ís (vivís) |
| ellos/as/ustedes | -an (hablan) | -en (comen) | -en (viven) |
2. Preterite vs. Imperfect Decision Formula | 简单过去时与过去未完成时的选择公式
Use the preterite (preté efined beginning or end. The formula: specific time marker + completed action = preterite.
对于有明确开始或结束的已完成动作，使用简单过去时。公式：具体时间标记 + 完成动作 = 简单过去时。
without a clear endpoint. The formula: habitual/descriptive + no defined end = imperfect.
对于持续、习惯性或描述性的过去动作，且无明确结束点，使用过去未完成时。公式：习惯性/描述性 + 无明确结束 = 过去未完成时。
Key triggers for preterite: ayer, anoche, el lunes pasado, en 2010, de repente. Key triggers for imperfect: siempre, todos los días, mientras, cuando era niño/a, antes.
简单过去时的关键触发词：ayer, anoche, el lunes pasado, en 2010, de repente。过去未完成时的关键触发词：siempre, todos los días, mientras, cuando era niño/a, antes。
Both tenses often appear together: 'Mientras caminaba (imperfect), vi (preterite) un accidente.' The imperfect sets the scene; the preterite interrupts with a sudden event.
两种时态经常同时出现：“Mientras caminaba, vi un accidente.”过去未完成时设置背景，简单过去时以突发动作打断。
3. Subjunctive Formation Rule | 虚拟式变位公式
The present subjunctive is formed from the first-person singular (yo) of the present indicative. Remove the -o and add the opposite vowel endings.
现在时虚拟式由陈述式现在时第一人称单数（yo）构成。去掉 -o 并添加相反元音词尾。
-ar verbs: take -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en. Example: hablar → hable, hables, hable, hablemos, habléis, hablen.
-ar 动词：词尾为 -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en。例如：hablar → hable, hables, hable, hablemos, habléis, hablen。
-er and -ir verbs: take -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an. Example: comer → coma, comas, coma, comamos, comáis, coman.
-er 和 -ir 动词：词尾为 -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an。例如：comer → coma, comas, coma, comamos, comáis, coman。
Irregular subjunctives follow the same 'yo form minus -o' rule, including tener (tenga), venir (venga), hacer (haga), decir (diga), poner (ponga), salir (salga), and oír (oiga).
不规则虚拟式也遵循“yo 形式去掉 -o”的规则，包括 tener (tenga), venir (venga), hacer (haga), decir (diga), poner (ponga), salir (salga) 和 oír (oiga)。
4. Subjunctive Triggers (WEIRDO) | 虚拟语气触发公式 (WEIRDO)
A-Level essays require accurate use of the subjunctive in noun, adjective, and adverbial clauses. Remember the acronym WEIRDO to identify when the subjunctive is needed.
A-Level 作文要求在名词从句、形容词从句和副词从句中正确使用虚拟语气。记住缩略词 WEIRDO 来识别何时需要使用虚拟式。
- Wishes / Wants: Quiero que vengas. (I want you to come.) / 愿望：我想让你来。
- Emotions: Me alegra que estés aquí. (I'm happy you're here.) / 情感：我很高兴你在这儿。
- Impersonal expressions: Es importante que estudies. (It's important that you study.) / 无人称表达：你学习很重要。
- Recommendations / Requests: Recomiendo que lo leas. (I recommend you read it.) / 建议/请求：我建议你读它。
- Doubt / Denial: Dudo que sea verdad. (I doubt it's true.) / 怀疑/否定：我怀疑这是真的。
- Ojalá: Ojalá llueva mañana. (Hopefully it rains tomorrow.) / Ojalá：但愿明天下雨。
In adverbial clauses, use subjunctive when the action is anticipated or hypothetical: 'Voy a comprar el libro cuando tenga dinero.' (I'll buy the book when I have money – future, uncertain). Use indicative for habitual actions: 'Siempre compro el libro cuando tengo dinero.'
在副词从句中，当动作是预期或假设时使用虚拟式：“Voy a comprar el libro cuando tenga dinero.”（等我有钱就买书——将来，不确定）。若为习惯动作则使用陈述式：“Siempre compro el libro cuando tengo dinero.”
5. Perfect Tense Formulas | 完成时公式
All perfect tenses use the auxiliary haber + past participle. The participle is formed by adding -ado to -ar stems and -ido to -er/-ir stems.
所有完成时都由助动词 haber + 过去分词构成。过去分词由 -ar 词干加 -ado，-er/-ir 词干加 -ido 构成。
Present perfect: he/has/ha/hemos/habéis/han + participle. Used for past actions with relevance to the present. Formula: present experience / recent past + no specific time marker.
现在完成时：he/has/ha/hemos/habéis/han + 分词。用于与现在有关的过去动作。公式：现在经验/最近的过去 + 无具体时间标记。
Pluperfect: había/habías/había/habíamos/habíais/habían + participle. Expresses an action completed before another past action. Formula: past-before-past.
过去完成时：había/habías/había/habíamos/habíais/habían + 分词。表达一个在过去另一动作之前完成的动作。公式：过去的过去。
Future perfect and conditional perfect use habré/habría + participle respectively, for actions that will have happened or would have happened. Common in speculative statements.
将来完成时和条件完成时分别用 habré/habría + 分词，表示将已发生或本会发生的动作。常见于推测语句。
6. 'Se' Constructions Formula Bank | 'Se' 结构公式库
The pronoun 'se' appears in multiple high-frequency A-Level structures. Learn these formulas as fixed patterns.
代词 'se' 出现在多种高频 A-Level 结构中。将这些公式作为固定模式学习。
- Passive 'se': Se + verb (3rd person) + subject. 'Se venden casas.' (Houses are sold.) / 被动 “se”：Se + 动词（第三人称）+ 主语。
- Impersonal 'se': Se + verb (3rd singular) + (que) / infinitive. 'Se dice que va a llover.' (It is said that it's going to rain.) / 无人称 “se”：Se + 动词（第三人称单数）+ (que) / 不定式。
- Accidental 'se': Se + indirect object pronoun + verb (3rd) + subject. 'Se me olvidó el libro.' (I forgot the book – lit. the book forgot itself on me.) / 意外 “se”：Se + 与格代词 + 动词（第三人称）+ 主语。
- Reflexive reciprocal 'se': Se + verb (plural). 'Se abrazaron.' (They hugged each other.) / 相互 “se”：Se + 动词（复数）。
7. Pronoun Positioning Rule | 代词放置公式
Object pronouns (me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las, le/les) and reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nos, os, se) follow a strict order: reflexive/indirect object > direct object > verb. If both direct and indirect object pronouns start with 'l', the indirect 'le/les' changes to 'se'.
宾格代词和自复代词遵循严格顺序：自复/间接宾语 > 直接宾语 > 动词。如果直接和间接宾语代词都以 'l' 开头，间接的 'le/les' 变为 'se'。
With infinitives, gerunds, and affirmative commands, pronouns attach to the end: 'Dámelo' (Give it to me), 'Estoy leyéndolo' (I am reading it). An accent mark is required to maintain stress.
与不定式、副动词和肯定命令式连用时，代词后附：“Dámelo”“Estoy leyéndolo”。须加重音符号以保持重音。
With conjugated verbs, pronouns precede the verb: 'Me lo dio' (He/she gave it to me). In negative commands, pronouns go before: 'No me lo des'.
与变位动词连用时，代词前置：“Me lo dio”。否定命令式中代词前置：“No me lo des”。
8. If-Clauses: Conditional Structures | 条件从句公式
OCR essays often require hypothetical statements. Spanish has three real/unreal condition formulas.
OCR 作文常需假设性陈述。西班牙语有三种真实/非真实条件公式。
Type 1: Real conditions – Si + present indicative → present / future / imperative. 'Si estudias, aprobarás.' (If you study, you will pass.)
一型：真实条件 – Si + 陈述式现在时 → 现在/将来/命令式。“Si estudias, aprobarás.”
Type 2: Improbable/hypothetical present – Si + imperfect subjunctive → conditional simple. 'Si tuviera dinero, viajaría.' (If I had money, I would travel.)
二型：当前不可能/假设 – Si + 虚拟式过去未完成时 → 简单条件式。“Si tuviera dinero, viajaría.”
Type 3: Unfulfilled past – Si + pluperfect subjunctive → conditional perfect / pluperfect subjunctive. 'Si hubiera sabido, habría venido.' (If I had known, I would have come.)
三型：过去未实现 – Si + 虚拟式过去完成时 → 条件完成时 / 虚拟式过去完成时。“Si hubiera sabido, habría venido.”
9. Comparative and Superlative Formulas | 比较级与最高级公式
Comparisons are tested in reading, writing, and speaking tasks. Structures: más/menos + adjective/adverb/noun + que (superiority/inferiority), and tan + adjective/adverb + como (equality).
比较结构在阅读、写作和口语任务中均有考查。结构：más/menos + 形容词/副词/名词 + que（较高/较低），以及 tan + 形容词/副词 + como（同等）。
Irregular comparatives: bueno → mejor, malo → peor, grande → mayor, pequeño → menor. Use 'de' instead of 'que' before numbers: 'más de diez personas' (more than ten people).
不规则比较级：bueno → mejor, malo → peor, grande → mayor, pequeño → menor。在数字前用 'de' 代替 'que'：“más de diez personas”（超过十人）。
Superlative: definite article + más/menos + adjective + de. 'Es la ciudad más bonita del mundo.' (It's the prettiest city in the world.) Note the use of 'de' with the whole group.
最高级：定冠词 + más/menos + 形容词 + de。“Es la ciudad más bonita del mundo.”注意使用 'de' 表示整体范围。
Absolute superlatives: -ísimo/a/os/as added to the adjective stem. 'Es facilísimo' (It's extremely easy). Stem changes may apply: feliz → felicísimo, largo → larguísimo.
绝对最高级：形容词词干加 -ísimo/a/os/as。“Es facilísimo”（极其容易）。可能发生词干变化：feliz → felicísimo, largo → larguísimo。
10. Connectors for Coherent Arguments | 连贯论述的连接词公式
High-scoring essays use a range of discourse markers. Categorise them by function.
高分作文使用各种语篇标记。按功能分类。
Addition: además, asimismo, del mismo modo. / 补充：此外，同样地。
Contrast: sin embargo, no obstante, por el contrario, en cambio. / 对比：然而，相反。
Cause/Reason: dado que, puesto que, ya que, a causa de. / 原因：由于，鉴于。
Consequence: por lo tanto, por consiguiente, así que, en consecuencia. / 结果：因此，所以。
Concession: aunque, a pesar de que, si bien. With indicative or subjunctive? Use indicative if factual, subjunctive if hypothetical. / 让步：虽然，尽管。陈述式用于事实，虚拟式用于假设。
11. Idiomatic Expressions with 'Tener' and 'Hacer' | 带 Tener 和 Hacer 的惯用表达公式
These impersonal and idiomatic constructions are tested at A-Level and must be used naturally in writing and speaking.
这些无人称及惯用结构在 A-Level 中常考，需在写作和口语中自然运用。
Tener expressions: tener razón (to be right), tener sueño (to be sleepy), tener miedo (to be afraid), tener ganas de + infinitive (to feel like doing something). Formula: tener + noun.
Tener 表达：tener razón（有道理）, tener sueño（困）, tener miedo（害怕）, tener ganas de + 不定式（想做某事）。公式：tener + 名词。
Hacer expressions: hace + time + que + verb (to express duration), hacer falta (to be necessary), hacerse + noun/profession (to become). 'Hace dos años que estudio español.' (I have been studying Spanish for two years.)
Hacer 表达：hace + 时间 + que + 动词（表达持续时间）, hacer falta（需要）, hacerse + 名词/职业（成为）。“Hace dos años que estudio español.”
12. Direct and Indirect Object Pronoun Reference | 直接与间接宾语代词指代公式
To avoid repetition and add sophistication, replace nouns with object pronouns. Identify the direct object (what/who is receiving the action directly) and the indirect object (to/for whom).
为避免重复并提升文采，用宾语代词替换名词。识别直接宾语（动作的直接承受者）和间接宾语（动作的针对对象）。
Direct: lo, la, los, las. Indirect: le, les. When combined, the indirect goes first, 'le' becomes 'se' before lo/la/los/las. 'Le di el libro' → 'Se lo di'.
直接：lo, la, los, las。间接：le, les。结合时间接在前，'le' 在 lo/la/los/las 前变为 'se'。“Le di el libro”变为“Se lo di”。
In essays, use the redundant indirect pronoun for emphasis and clarity: 'A mi madre le gusta viajar.' (My mother likes to travel – lit. to my mother, travelling pleases her.) The 'a + noun' and the pronoun must match.
在作文中，使用重复间接代词以强调和清晰：“A mi madre le gusta viajar.”（我妈妈喜欢旅行。）“a + 名词”与代词必须一致。
Published by TutorHao | Spanish Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图