📚 A-Level AQA Chinese: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | A-Level AQA 中文：公式定理速查手册
This quick reference handbook distils the essential grammatical patterns tested in A-Level AQA Chinese into clear, formulaic structures. Each 'theorem' is presented with its core equation, followed by concise English and Chinese explanations. Use these patterns to consolidate your understanding of syntax, sharpen your writing, and tackle the reading and speaking papers with confidence.
本速查手册将 A-Level AQA 中文考试的核心语法模式提炼为清晰的公式化结构。每个“定理”均以核心方程呈现，并配以简明中英文解释。运用这些句型模板巩固句法理解，提升写作水平，从容应对阅读与口语考试。
1. The 把-Construction | 把字句公式
S + 把 + O + V + Complement / 了 / 着
The 把-construction is used to highlight the disposal or result of an action performed on a definite object. The object is placed before the main verb, followed by a complement, 了, or 着 to indicate the outcome.
把字句强调对特定宾语进行处置后产生的结果。宾语置于主要动词之前，动词后须跟补语、了或着，以标示动作的结局。
| English Pattern | Chinese Pattern | Example |
| S + 把 + O + V + 在/到 + Location | 我把书放在桌子上了。 | I put the book on the table. |
| S + 把 + O + V + 给 + Recipient | 请把作业交给老师。 | Please hand the homework to the teacher. |
| S + 把 + O + V + Resultative Complement | 他把瓶子打破了。 | He broke the bottle. |
Note that the object in a 把-sentence must be known to both speaker and listener. Negative adverbs and auxiliaries precede 把, e.g. 没把... or 不要把....
注意，把字句的宾语必须是对话双方已知的。否定副词和能愿动词须置于“把”之前，例如“没把……”或“不要把……”。
2. The 被-Passive | 被字句公式
O + 被 (+ Agent) + V + Complement / 了
The 被-structure forms the passive voice, often with an adversative or neutral connotation. The agent can be omitted when it is unknown or irrelevant. The verb is usually followed by a complement, 了, or a result.
被字句构成被动语态，常带有不如意或中性的意味。当事者不明或无关系时，施事可省略。动词后一般需接补语、了或结果成分。
Key variants include: 让/叫/给 can replace 被 in spoken Chinese, but the agent must be present; 为...所... is a more formal written pattern, e.g. 为世人所尊敬.
口语中可用“让、叫、给”替代“被”，但必须出现施事；书面语可用“为……所……”结构，如“为世人所尊敬”。
3. Comparative Structures | 比较句公式
A + 比 + B + Adj (+ Complement)
This basic comparative pattern expresses 'A is more Adj than B'. The complement can indicate the degree or specific difference, e.g. 高一点儿 (a bit taller), 快得多 (much faster).
基本比较句式表达“A比B更……”。补语可表明程度或具体差异，如“高一点儿”、“快得多”。
Other comparative theorems: A + 没有 + B + Adj (negation of comparison); A + 跟/和 + B + 一样 + Adj (equality); 越来越 + Adj (increasingly). For example: 今天没有昨天热；他和我一样高；天气越来越冷。
其他比较定理：A + 没有 + B + Adj（否定比较）；A + 跟/和 + B + 一样 + Adj（等同比较）；越来越 + Adj（渐变）。如：今天没有昨天热；他和我一样高；天气越来越冷。
4. The 是...的 Emphasis Pattern | 是……的强调结构
S + 是 + [Time/Manner/Place] + V + 的
This pattern is used to highlight past-event details—time, location, manner, purpose, or agent. 是 can often be omitted in positive statements, but 的 must remain at the end (or before the object).
该结构用于强调过去事件的时间、地点、方式、目的或施事。肯定句中“是”常可省略，但“的”必须保留于句末或宾语前。
我是去年九月来英国的。(I came to the UK last September.)
我是去年九月来英国的。
他是坐飞机去的吗？(Did he go by plane?)
他是坐飞机去的吗？
Negation uses 不是...的. Remember that stative verbs or adjectives describing qualities do not use this pattern.
否定形式为“不是……的”。切记，描述性质的静态动词或形容词不使用此结构。
5. Serial Verb Constructions | 连动句公式
S + V1 (+ O1) + V2 (+ O2)
Serial verb constructions sequence two or more verbs without conjunctions to express purpose, sequence, manner, or simultaneous states. The most common is purpose: 去 + place + V2.
连动句无需连词，接连使用两个或以上动词，表达目的、顺序、方式或同时状态。最常见的目的是“去 + 地点 + V2”。
Examples: 我去图书馆看书 (I go to the library to read); 他站着说话 (He speaks while standing). The structure can also show instrument with 用: 我用筷子吃饭.
例如：我去图书馆看书；他站着说话；工具式连动可用“用”：我用筷子吃饭。
6. Degree Complement with 得 | 得字补语句
S + V + 得 + Adj / Clause
The complement introduced by 得 describes the degree, extent, or result of an action. When an object is present, the verb is often repeated: S + VO + V + 得 + Adj. Alternatively, the object can be fronted.
由“得”引出的补语描述动作的程度、范围或结果。若带宾语，动词常需重复：S + VO + V + 得 + Adj。也可将宾语前置。
Typical examples: 他说中文说得非常流利 (He speaks Chinese very fluently); 我累得不想动 (I am so tired that I don't want to move). In exam writing, ensure the verb is not directly followed by 得 when an object is present without repetition.
典型例句：他说中文说得非常流利；我累得不想动。考试写作时，注意当宾语未重复时动词不可直接加“得”。
7. Resultative Complements | 结果补语公式
V + 完 / 好 / 到 / 见 / 懂 / 会 / 干净 + 了
A resultative complement follows a verb to indicate its outcome. Common complement verbs include 完 (finish), 好 (complete satisfactorily), 到 (reach, attain), 见 (perceive), 懂 (understand), and 会 (master). 了 is often added.
结果补语接在动词后表示动作的结果。常见的补语动词有“完、好、到、见、懂、会”等，常加“了”。
Examples: 听完 (finish listening), 做好 (finished doing well), 看到 (see, catch sight of), 听见 (hear), 看懂 (understand through reading), 学会 (learn successfully). Negative form: 没 + V + complement.
例句：听完、做好、看到、听见、看懂、学会。否定形式：没 + V + 结果补语。
8. Directional Complements | 趋向补语公式
V + 来 / 去 / 上 / 下 / 进 / 出 / 回 / 过 / 起 + 来 / 去
Simple directional complements use 来 (towards speaker) or 去 (away from speaker). Compound ones combine a motion verb with 来/去, e.g. 进来 (come in), 出去 (go out), 站起来 (stand up). These can also be used metaphorically: 看起来 (it seems).
简单趋向补语用“来”或“去”表示相对于说话人的方向。复合趋向补语将移动动词与“来/去”结合，如“进来”、“出去”、“站起来”。也可用于隐喻，如“看起来”。
When an object is a place word, it must be inserted between the verb and 来/去: 回学校去 (go back to school). Regular objects can be placed before or after the complement: 拿出一本书来 / 拿出来一本书.
若宾语为处所词，须置于动词与来/去之间：回学校去。一般宾语可置于补语之前或之后：拿出一本书来 / 拿出来一本书。
9. Potential Complements | 可能补语公式
V + 得 / 不 + Result/Direction
Potential complements express ability or possibility to achieve a result or direction. 得 indicates 'can' and 不 indicates 'cannot'. They are often formed from resultative or directional complements.
可能补语表达能否达到某种结果或方向。“得”表可能，“不”表不可能。常由结果补语或趋向补语转化而来。
Examples: 听得懂 (can understand through listening), 听不懂 (cannot understand); 写得完 (can finish writing), 写不完 (cannot finish); 买得到 (can buy it), 买不到 (cannot buy it). These are highly frequent in AQA reading and listening tasks.
如：听得懂、听不懂；写得完、写不完；买得到、买不到。在AQA阅读和听力中极为常见。
10. The Particle 了 | 动态助词“了”公式
V + 了 + O (number/quantity) | 太...了 | S + V + 了
了 has two core functions: aspectual 了 (completed action) and modal 了 (change of state/new situation). After a verb, 了 marks completion, often with a quantified object: 我看了三本书. Sentence-final 了 indicates a new situation or change: 下雨了.
“了”有两大核心功能：动态助词“了”表动作完成，句末语气助词“了”表情况变化或新状态。动词后“了”表完成，常与数量宾语连用：我看了三本书。句末“了”表变化：下雨了。
Also, the fixed pattern 太...了 (extremely) is essential. Negation of completion uses 没有/没...V, and 了 is usually dropped: 我没看书.
固定结构“太……了”很重要。完成态否定用“没有/没……V”，通常省略“了”：我没看书。
11. Experiential 过 | 经历体“过”公式
S + V + 过 + O
过 is placed after a verb to indicate experience in the past, emphasizing that the action occurred at least once. It is often used with 曾经 or 以前. Negation: 没 + V + 过.
“过”置于动词后表示过去的经历，强调至少发生过一次。常与“曾经”或“以前”连用。否定形式：没 + V + 过。
Examples: 我去过中国 (I have been to China); 你吃过北京烤鸭吗？ (Have you ever eaten Peking duck?); 他没学过日语 (He has never studied Japanese). Note the difference from 了: 过 implies disconnection from the present, while 了 links the action to now.
如：我去过中国；你吃过北京烤鸭吗？；他没学过日语。注意与“了”的区别：“过”与现在无直接联系，“了”则关联现在。
12. Continuous Aspect 着 | 持续体“着”公式
S + V + 着 (+ O)
着 marks a continuous or ongoing state, usually after posture verbs (站, 坐, 躺) or action verbs indicating a sustained action. It can also describe a state that accompanies another action: 他笑着回答.
“着”表示状态的持续，常用于姿势动词（站、坐、躺）或表持续动作的动词后。也可描述伴随另一动作的状态：他笑着回答。
Structure: Place + V + 着 + O (existential sentence): 墙上挂着一幅画 (A painting is hanging on the wall). 着 is often used with 正/在 for progressive actions, e.g. 他正在写着作业.
存在句：Place + V + 着 + O，如“墙上挂着一幅画”。常与“正/在”连用表示进行时：他正在写着作业。
Published by TutorHao | A-Level AQA Chinese Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图