AS Cambridge French: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas and Theorems | AS法语：公式定理速查手册

📚 AS Cambridge French: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas and Theorems | AS法语：公式定理速查手册

French grammar can feel like a thicket of seemingly arbitrary rules, but when examined closely, many of these rules behave just like logical formulas or proven theorems. By treating verb conjugations, agreement patterns, and sentence structures as predictable ‘equations’, you can simplify your revision and boost your exam confidence. This handbook distils the AS Cambridge French syllabus into a rapid-reference collection of grammatical formulas and essential theorems—designed to be memorised, recited, and applied under timed conditions.

法语语法初看犹如一团乱麻，但仔细审视后，许多规则其实就像逻辑公式或已证明的定理。把动词变位、配合模式和句子结构当作可预测的“方程式”来处理，你就能简化复习，提升考试信心。本手册提炼了 AS 剑桥法语大纲的核心内容，汇集成一份速查式的语法公式与基本定理合集，供记忆、背诵并在限时条件下直接应用。

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1. Regular Verb Conjugation Formulas | 规则动词变位公式

Regular verbs follow one of three tidy formulas based on their infinitive ending. Once you have internalised the stem (infinitive minus ending) and the correct set of endings, you can generate hundreds of present-tense forms mechanically.

规则动词根据不定式结尾遵循三种工整的公式。一旦掌握了词干（不定式去掉词尾）和正确的词尾集合，你就能机械地产出数百个现在时形式。

-er verbs: STEM + (-e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent)

parl- → je parle, tu parles, il/elle parle, nous parlons, vous parlez, ils/elles parlent.

示例： → parl- → je parle, tu parles, il/elle parle, nous parlons, vous parlez, ils/elles parlent。

-ir verbs (regular, like finir): STEM + (-is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent)

t → je finis, tu finis, il/elle finit, nous finissons, vous finissez, ils/elles finissent.

示例： nt → je finis, tu finis, il/elle finit, nous finissons, vous finissez, ils/elles finissent。

-re verbs: STEM + (-s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent)

vends, il/elle vend, nous vendons, vous vendez, ils/elles vendent. Note the blank third-person singular ending.

示例：e → vend- → je vends, tu vends, il/elle vend, nous vendons, vous vendez, ils/elles vendent。注意第三人称单数词尾为空。

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2. The Four Pillar Irregular Verbs – Être, Avoir, Faire, Aller | 四大支柱不规则动词 – être, avoir, faire, aller

These four verbs function like fundamental constants in the language. Their present-tense forms must be memorised as irreducible theorems; they defy regular formulas and reappear in compound tenses, idiomatic expressions and auxiliary roles.

这四个动词就像语言中的基本常数。它们的现在时形式必须作为不可化简的定理牢记；它们不遵循规则公式，却反复出现在复合时态、习语和助动词角色中。

Here are their present indicative forms:

以下是它们的直陈式现在时形式：

Subject	être	avoir	faire	aller
je	suis	ai	fais	vais
tu	es	as	fais	vas
il/elle/on	est	a	fait	va
nous	sommes	avons	faisons	allons
vous	êtes	avez	faites	allez
ils/elles	sont	ont	font	vont

Avoir and être double as auxiliary theorems for compound tenses, while faire and aller underpin countless idiomatic constructions.

Avoir 和 être 还身兼复合时态的助动词定理，而 faire 和 aller 则支撑着无数习惯用语结构。

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3. Passé Composé Formula and Agreement Theorems | 复合过去时公式与配合定理

The passé composé expresses completed past actions. Its master formula combines an auxiliary and a past participle. The choice of auxiliary and the subsequent agreement obey precise theorems.

复合过去时表达已完成的过去动作。其核心公式由一个助动词和一个过去分词组合而成。助动词的选择及其后续配合遵守精确的定理。

PASSÉ COMPOSÉ = AUXILIARY (avoir / être) + PAST PARTICIPLE

The ÊTRE auxiliary theorem: a closed set of intransitive verbs (often remembered by the ‘Dr & Mrs Vandertramp’ mnemonic) and all reflexive verbs take être. The past participle then behaves like an adjective and agrees in gender and number with the subject.

ÊTRE 助动词定理：一组封闭的不及物动词（常借助“Dr & Mrs Vandertramp”记忆法）和所有反身动词使用 être。此时过去分词如同形容词，与主语在性和数上配合。

Accord theorem with être: PARTICIPLE agrees with SUBJECT

Example: Elle est allée. (feminine singular) / Ils sont partis. (masculine plural)

例：Elle est allée.（阴性单数）/ Ils sont partis.（阳性复数）

Accord theorem with avoir: PARTICIPLE agrees with preceding DIRECT OBJECT (if any)

Example: Les pommes que j’ai mangées. (preceding direct object ‘que’ referring to feminine plural pommes)

例：Les pommes que j’ai mangées.（前移的直接宾语‘que’指代阴性复数 pommes）

If no direct object precedes the auxiliary, the past participle remains invariant: J’ai mangé les pommes.

若无直接宾语前置，过去分词不变：J’ai mangé les pommes。

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4. Imparfait (Imperfect) Formula | 未完成过去时公式

The imperfect tense is used for descriptions, habitual actions and ongoing states in the past. Its formation is one of the most reliable formulas in French, anchored on the nous form of the present tense.

未完成过去时用于描述、习惯性动作和过去的持续状态。其构成是法语中最可靠的公式之一，锚定在现在时的 nous 形式上。

IMPARFAIT = STEM (from present-tense nous) + (-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient)

Steps: 1) take the nous form of the present indicative, 2) remove -ons, 3) add the imperfect endings. The only irregular stem is for être: ét-.

步骤：1) 取直陈式现在时 nous 形式，2) 去掉 -ons，3) 添加未完成过去时词尾。唯一不规则的词干是 être 的 ét-。

je parlais, tu parlais, il/elle parlait, nous parlions, vous parliez, ils/elles parlaient. Être: j’étais, tu étais…

示例： je parlais, tu parlais, il/elle parlait, nous parlions, vous parliez, ils/elles parlaient。Être: j’étais, tu étais…

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5. Simple Future and Conditional Formulas | 简单将来时与条件式公式

Both the simple future (futur simple) and the present conditional (conditionnel présent) share a common stem but use distinct sets of endings—making them a pair of related theorems.

简单将来时（futur simple）和现在条件式（conditionnel présent）共享同一词干但使用不同的词尾集合，因此构成一对相关定理。

FUTURE = INFINITIVE (or irregular stem) + (-ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont)

rop the final -e: vendre → je vendrai. Key irregular stems must be memorised as constants.

对于规则 -er 和 -ir 动词，用整个不定式作词干：parler → je parlerai，finir → je finirai。对于 -re 动词，去掉末尾的 -e：vendre → je vendrai。关键的不规则词干须作为常量牢记。

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