AS Cambridge Biology: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorization Guide | AS剑桥生物：词汇术语速记指南

📚 AS Cambridge Biology: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorization Guide | AS剑桥生物：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the extensive terminology in AS Cambridge Biology is a challenge many students face. Terms are the language of biology, and without a solid grip on them, even the best conceptual understanding can fall apart in exams. This guide breaks down high-yield vocabulary into logical groups, provides visual tables, and pairs each point with its Chinese equivalent to help you internalise definitions faster. Think of it as your bilingual revision companion, built to strengthen recall and boost confidence.

掌握AS剑桥生物中大量的术语是许多学生面临的挑战。术语是生物学的语言，如果没有牢固掌握它们，再好的概念理解在考试中也可能会崩溃。本指南将高频词汇划分为逻辑组，提供可视化表格，并将每个要点与其对应的中文进行配对，帮助你更快地内化定义。把它看作你的双语复习伴侣，旨在加强记忆并增强信心。

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1. Mastering Prefixes and Suffixes | 精通前缀与后缀

Many biological terms are built from Greek or Latin roots. Once you learn common prefixes and suffixes, you can decode unfamiliar words on the spot. This is like having a secret key to unlock definitions without rote memorisation.

许多生物术语由希腊语或拉丁语词根构成。一旦你学会了常见的前缀和后缀，就能当场解码陌生单词。这就像拥有一把秘密钥匙，无需死记硬背就能解开定义。

For example, 'hyper-' means above or excessive, 'hypo-' means below or deficient, 'endo-' means inside, and 'exo-' means outside. The suffix '-lysis' refers to splitting or breakdown, while '-genesis' means origin or creation. Combine them and you get words like hydrolysis (water splitting) and glycogenesis (creation of glycogen).

例如，“hyper-”表示高于或过多，“hypo-”表示低于或不足，“endo-”表示内部，“exo-”表示外部。后缀“-lysis”表示分裂或分解，而“-genesis”表示起源或生成。将它们组合起来，你就得到了 hydrolysis（水解）和 glycogenesis（糖原生成）等词。

Prefix/Suffix	Meaning	Example	中文示例
mono-	one / single	monosaccharide	单糖
di-	two	disaccharide	二糖
poly-	many	polypeptide	多肽
hyper-	excessive / above	hypertonic	高渗的
hypo-	deficient / below	hypotonic	低渗的
endo-	inside / within	endocytosis	内吞作用
exo-	outside / external	exocytosis	外排作用
-lysis	splitting / breakdown	haemolysis	溶血
-genesis	formation / origin	gluconeogenesis	糖异生

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2. Commonly Confused Term Pairs | 易混淆术语对比

Exams love to test whether you truly distinguish between look-alike concepts. Use the table below to pin down the precise differences and craft a one-sentence memory hook for each pair.

考试喜欢考查你是否真正区分了形似概念。利用下表明确精确差异，并为每对术语制作一个一句话记忆钩子。

Term A	Term B	Quick Distinction (English)	快速区分 (中文)
Transcription	Translation	DNA → mRNA vs mRNA → polypeptide	转录：DNA 到 mRNA；翻译：mRNA 到多肽
Genotype	Phenotype	Genetic makeup vs physical expression	基因型 vs 表现型
Prokaryote	Eukaryote	No nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles vs nucleus present	原核：无核、无膜包器；真核：有核
Osmosis	Diffusion	Water across a partially permeable membrane vs any molecule down a concentration gradient	渗透：水过部分透膜；扩散：任何分子顺浓度梯度
Active transport	Passive transport	Requires ATP, against gradient vs no ATP, down gradient	主动运输：需ATP逆梯度；被动运输：不耗能顺梯度
Mitosis	Meiosis	One division, two identical diploid cells vs two divisions, four haploid cells, genetic variation	有丝分裂：一次分裂，2个相同二倍体；减数分裂：两次分裂，4个单倍体，遗传变异

Create a mini-story: 'Transcribe means to write the same language (DNA to RNA, same nucleic acids), while translate means to change the language (RNA to protein).' Simple mnemonics reduce confusion quickly.

创造一个微型故事：“转录是用同一种语言书写（DNA 到 RNA，同为核酸），而翻译是转换语言（RNA 到蛋白质）。”简单的助记符能迅速减少混淆。

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3. Key Cell Biology Terms | 关键细胞生物学词汇

Cell biology is the foundation. Nail the organelles and their functions using a clear chart. Every time you read 'site of ...', immediately recall the organelle.

细胞生物学是基础。用一份清晰的图表记牢细胞器及其功能。每次读到“......的场所”，立即回想该细胞器。

Organelle	Function	中文功能
Nucleus	Contains genetic material, controls cell activities	含遗传物质，控制细胞活动
Mitochondrion	Site of aerobic respiration, produces ATP	有氧呼吸场所，产生ATP
Ribosome	Protein synthesis	蛋白质合成
Rough endoplasmic reticulum	Processes and transports proteins made by ribosomes	加工并运输核糖体合成的蛋白质
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum	Lipid synthesis, detoxification	脂质合成，解毒
Golgi apparatus	Modifies, sorts, packages proteins into vesicles	修饰、分拣、将蛋白包装成囊泡
Lysosome	Digests worn-out organelles, contains hydrolytic enzymes	消化衰老细胞器，含水解酶
Chloroplast (plant)	Site of photosynthesis	光合作用场所
Cell wall (plant)	Provides structure and support, made of cellulose	提供结构支撑，由纤维素构成

Notice that most organelles have '-some' or '-plasm' hints: ribosome (RNA body), cytoplasm (cell fluid). Link the name to its job.

注意大多数细胞器带有“-some”或“-plasm”提示：ribosome（RNA体），cytoplasm（细胞液）。将名称与功能相关联。

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4. Biochemistry Essentials: Macromolecules and Enzymes | 生物化学基础：大分子与酶

Biochemistry vocabulary revolves around monomers, polymers, bonds, and enzyme action. Get these terms rock solid, and metabolic pathways will make sense.

生物化学词汇以单体、聚合物、键和酶作用为核心。这些术语基本功扎实了，代谢途径就会变得清晰。

Monomers are small building blocks: monosaccharides (glucose, C₆H₁₂O₆), amino acids (with general structure H₂N–CHR–COOH), and nucleotides (sugar + phosphate + base). Polymers like starch, proteins, and DNA are built from monomers via condensation reactions, which release a water molecule. The reverse, hydrolysis, adds water to split polymers.

单体是小构建块：单糖（葡萄糖，C₆H₁₂O₆），氨基酸（通式H₂N–CHR–COOH），以及核苷酸（糖+磷酸+碱基）。淀粉、蛋白质和DNA等聚合物由单体通过缩合反应构建，该过程释放一个水分子。逆反应——水解——加水将聚合物分解。

Enzyme terms: active site (where substrate binds), substrate (reactant molecule), activation energy (energy barrier lowered by enzyme), denaturation (loss of 3D shape due to extreme pH/temperature), competitive inhibitor (competes for active site), non-competitive inhibitor (binds elsewhere and alters shape).

酶相关术语：活性位点（底物结合处），底物（反应物分子），活化能（酶降低的能量障碍），变性（极端pH/温度导致三维结构丧失），竞争性抑制剂（竞争活性位点），非竞争性抑制剂（结合别处并改变形状）。

Polymer	Monomer	Bond	中文
Polysaccharide (starch/glycogen)	α-glucose	Glycosidic bond	多糖：α-葡萄糖，糖苷键
Protein	Amino acid	Peptide bond	蛋白质：氨基酸，肽键
DNA	Nucleotide	Phosphodiester bond	DNA：核苷酸，磷酸二酯键
Lipids (triglycerides)	Glycerol + 3 fatty acids	Ester bond	脂质：甘油+3脂肪酸，酯键

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5. Transport Across Membranes | 跨膜运输术语

The cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier. Getting the mode of transport right is vital. Memorise these terms with the keyword 'ATP' and 'gradient'.

细胞膜是选择透过性屏障。选对运输方式至关重要。记住关键词“ATP”和“梯度”来掌握这些术语。

Diffusion: net movement of particles from high to low concentration, passive. Facilitated diffusion: passive transport through channel or carrier proteins, no ATP needed. Osmosis: net movement of water from a region of higher water potential to lower water potential across a partially permeable membrane.

扩散：粒子从高浓度向低浓度的净运动，被动方式。易化扩散：经通道或载体蛋白的被动运输，无需ATP。渗透：水从较高水势区域穿过部分透膜向较低水势区域的净运动。

sport processes requiring ATP to move large quantities. Water potential (Ψ) is measured in kPa; pure water has Ψ = 0 kPa, and solutes lower it (more negative).

主动运输：利用载体蛋白和ATP能量逆浓度梯度运动。内吞和外排是需要ATP的大批量运输过程。水势（Ψ）以千帕计量；纯水Ψ=0 kPa，溶质使其降低（更负）。

Mnemonic: 'FAT OE' – Facilitated diffusion, Active transport, (simple) diffusion, Osmosis, Endo/Exocytosis. Keep the order.

助记符：“FAT OE”——易化扩散，主动运输，（简单）扩散，渗透，内吞/外排。保持顺序。

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6. Genetics and Inheritance Terminology | 遗传与继承术语

Genetics demands precision. Mix up 'allele' and 'gene', and you lose marks. Use the glossary below as a quick-fire quiz sheet.

遗传学要求精确性。混淆“等位基因”和“基因”，就会失分。将下面的词汇表用作速答测验单。

Term	Definition (English)	定义 (中文)
Gene	A length of DNA that codes for a specific polypeptide	编码特定多肽的一段DNA
Allele	Alternative form of a gene	基因的替代形式
Genotype	The combination of alleles an organism possesses	生物体拥有的等位基因组合
Phenotype	Observable characteristics resulting from genotype and environment	由基因型和环境共同导致的可观察特征
Homozygous	Having two identical alleles for a trait	某性状具有两个相同等位基因
Heterozygous	Having two different alleles for a trait	某性状具有两个不同等位基因
Dominant	Allele that expresses its phenotype even when heterozygous	在杂合时也表现其表型的等位基因
Recessive	Allele only expressed when homozygous	仅在纯合时表达的等位基因
Codominance	Both alleles are expressed equally in the heterozygote	杂合子中两个等位基因均等表达
Test cross	Cross with homozygous recessive to determine unknown genotype	与隐性纯合体杂交以确定未知基因型

nnect gene=segment of DNA, allele=version. For monohybrid crosses, use the acronym T T R R – Trait, Two alleles, Random segregation, Ratio.

始终把基因=DNA片段，等位基因=版本联系起来。对于单性状杂交，使用首字母缩写 TTRR——性状、两个等位基因、随机分离、比例。

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7. Mitosis and the Cell Cycle | 有丝分裂与细胞周期

Mitosis is a short but heavily assessed topic. Know the four stages in order and what happens to chromosomes and the spindle at each phase.

有丝分裂是一个虽短却考查极多的主题。要依次了解四个阶段以及各阶段染色体和纺锤体发生的变化。

Interphase (G₁, S, G₂): DNA replicates, cell grows. Prophase: chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle fibres form. Metaphase: chromosomes line up at the equator, attached by centromeres. Anaphase: sister chromatids separate to opposite poles. Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes decondense. Cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm.

间期（G₁、S、G₂）：DNA复制，细胞生长。前期：染色体凝集，核膜破裂，纺锤丝形成。中期：染色体排列在赤道板，由着丝粒连接。后期：姐妹染色单体分离移向相反两极。末期：核膜重新形成，染色体解凝。胞质分裂分隔细胞质。

Use the mnemonic 'IPMAT' (Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase) plus Cytokinesis. Remember that chromosomes are counted by the number of centromeres, not chromatids.

使用助记符“IPMAT”（间期、前期、中期、后期、

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