📚 AS CCEA Science: Core Knowledge Review | AS CCEA 科学：核心知识点梳理
Welcome to the AS CCEA Science core knowledge review. This article brings together the essential concepts from biology, chemistry and physics that underpin the CCEA AS specification. Strengthening your grasp of these fundamentals will help you tackle exam questions with clarity and precision.
欢迎阅读 AS CCEA 科学核心知识点梳理。本文整合了 CCEA AS 大纲下生物、化学和物理的基础概念。牢牢掌握这些核心内容，可以帮助你更清晰、更准确地应对考试问题。
1. Biology: Cells and Biomolecules | 生物学：细胞与生物分子
All organisms are built from cells. The cell theory states that cells are the basic structural and functional units, all living things consist of one or more cells, and all cells come from pre-existing cells. Eukaryotic cells possess a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, whereas prokaryotic cells lack these structures and typically have a cell wall and circular DNA.
所有生物体都由细胞构成。细胞学说指出细胞是结构与功能的基本单位，所有生物由一个或多个细胞组成，且所有细胞均来自已存在的细胞。真核细胞具有膜包被的细胞核和细胞器，如线粒体、内质网和高尔基体，而原核细胞没有这些结构，通常具有细胞壁和环状 DNA。
Key biomolecules include carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides), lipids (triglycerides and phospholipids), proteins (composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds) and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). These molecules are involved in energy storage, structural support, catalysis and information transfer.
关键的生物分子包括碳水化合物（单糖、二糖和多糖）、脂类（甘油三酯和磷脂）、蛋白质（由氨基酸经肽键连接而成）以及核酸（DNA 和 RNA）。这些分子参与能量储存、结构支撑、催化以及信息传递。
2. Biology: Enzymes and Membrane Transport | 生物学：酶与膜运输
Enzymes are globular proteins that act as biological catalysts by lowering activation energy. The lock-and-key model and the induced-fit model explain how specific substrates bind to the active site. Temperature, pH, enzyme concentration and substrate concentration all influence the rate of reaction. Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site
Published by TutorHao | AS Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
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