📚 AS Eduqas Engineering: Quick Memorisation Guide for Key Terms | AS Eduqas 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential memorisation toolkit for AS Eduqas Engineering. This guide breaks down the most important technical terms into bite‑sized definitions, quick memory hooks and clear explanations. Use it alongside your notes to reinforce understanding and build exam confidence.
欢迎使用 AS Eduqas 工程核心术语速记指南。我们将最重要的专业词汇拆分为简洁定义、快速记忆线索和清晰解释，帮助你在复习时加深理解，自信应对考试。
1. Mechanics and Forces | 力学与力
Force (F) – emory hook: a force is a push or pull that changes motion; link it to Newton’s second law.
力 – 引起加速度的矢量，单位为牛顿(N)。公式：力 = 质量 × 加速度。记忆诀窍：力就是改变物体运动状态的推或拉，一定要联系牛顿第二定律。
Mass vs Weight – everywhere; weight is the gravitational force on that mass (N), W = m × g. Think: mass is ‘stuff’, weight is the pull you feel on a scale.
质量与重量 – 质量是物体所含物质的量 (kg)，处处相同；重量是重力对质量的作用力 (N)，W = m × g。记住：质量是“内含物”，重量是秤上感受到的拉力。
Moment (M) – g effect of a force about a pivot: M = F × d (perpendicular distance). Units: N m. Memory: ‘moment of a force’ – imagine a spanner; longer spanner = easier turn.
力矩 – 力对某支点产生的转动效应，M = F × d（垂直距离）。单位：牛米。想象扳手：扳手越长越省力，这就是力矩的意义。
Equilibrium – resultant moment are both zero. For an object in equilibrium, ΣF = 0 and ΣM = 0. Mnemonic: ‘balanced forces, no rotation’.
平衡 – 合外力与合力矩均为零的状态。满足 ΣF = 0 且 ΣM = 0。记忆法：“力平衡，无转动”。
Vector & Scalar – Vector has magnitude and direction (e.g. velocity, force); scalar has magnitude only (e.g. speed, mass). Use an arrow for vectors. Trick: ‘vector gives direction, scalar just feels the number’.
矢量与标量 – 矢量有大小和方向（如速度、力）；标量只有大小（如速率、质量）。矢量用箭头表示。口诀：“矢量方向感，标量只报数”。
2. Materials and Properties | 材料与性能
Stress (σ) – r N m⁻². It describes how much internal load a material experiences. Compare: stress is like pressure inside the material.
应力 – 单位面积上的力：σ = F / A，单位 Pa 或 N m⁻²。描述材料内部承受的载荷。类比：应力如同材料内部的压强。
Strain (ε) – ften expressed as a percentage. It measures deformation. Strain gauges use this principle.
应变 – 单位原长的伸长量：ε = ΔL / L₀，无量纲，常用百分比表示。它衡量形变程度。应变片正是利用此原理工作的。
Young’s Modulus (E) – iffness: E = σ / ε within the linear elastic region. Units Pa. High E means stiff. Memory: ‘E shows how stretchy’.
杨氏模量 – 刚度指标：E = σ / ε（在线弹性范围内）。单位 Pa。E 越大材料越硬。记忆：“E 代表抵抗变形的能力”。
Tensile Strength – Maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched before breaking. Important for cables and bolts. Visualise the peak of a stress–strain curve.
抗拉强度 – 材料在拉伸断裂前能承受的最大应力。对缆绳、螺栓至关重要。想象应力-应变曲线的最高点。
Ductility – ion before fracture (e.g. copper can be drawn into wire). Opposite of brittleness. Memory: ‘ductile = can be stretched’.
延展性 – 材料断裂前产生大量塑性变形的能力（如铜可拉成丝）。与脆性相反。记忆：“有延展性即能拉长”。
Elastic Limit – The greatest stress a material can withstand and still return to its original shape. Beyond it, permanent deformation occurs. Think of a spring stretched too far.
弹性极限 – 材料能够承受且仍可恢复原状的最大应力。超过就会发生永久变形。想象弹簧被拉过头会坏。
3. Electrical Fundamentals | 电气基础
Voltage (V) – Electrical potential difference, the ‘push’ driving current, measured in volts (V). Analogy: voltage is like water pressure in a pipe.
电压 – 电位差，驱动电流的“推力”，单位伏特(V)。类比：电压好比水管中的水压。
Current (I) – red in amperes (A). I = Q / t. Think of current as the amount of water flowing per second.
电流 – 电荷流动的速率，单位安培(A)。I = Q/t。可想象成每秒流过水管的水量。
Resistance (R) – pposition to current flow, Ω. R = V / I. Materials with high resistance heat up. Mnemonic: ‘resistance restricts the river’.
电阻 – 对电流的阻碍，单位欧姆(Ω)。R = V/I。高电阻会发热。口诀：“电阻就像河里的石头，阻碍水流”。
Ohm’s Law – rent is proportional to voltage. Use the VIR triangle to swap. Remember the formula by singing ‘vir’!
欧姆定律 – V = I × R。恒温下电流与电压成正比。用 VIR 三角形转换。记忆：“VIR 公式是基础”。
Power (P) – f energy transfer, watts (W). P = V × I = I²R. Useful for energy calculations in circuits.
电功率 – 能量转换速率，单位瓦特(W)。P = V × I = I²R。电路能耗计算离不开它。
Series and Parallel – Series: same current, voltage divides. Parallel: same voltage, current divides. Picture a single loop vs multiple branches.
串联与并联 – 串联：电流相同，电压分压。并联：电压相同，电流分流。想象一条环路与多条支路的区别。
4. Structural Analysis Concepts | 结构分析概念
Truss – A framework of beams connected at pin joints, carrying only tension or compression. Used in bridges and roofs. Key: members have only axial forces.
桁架 – 由铰接杆件组成的框架，只承受拉力或压力。用于桥梁和屋顶。关键：杆件只有轴力。
Beam – A horizontal structural member that resists loads primarily by bending. Think of a ruler supported at ends. Memory: beam bends, truss doesn’t.
梁 – 主要承受弯曲的水平构件。想象两端支撑的直尺就会弯曲。梁会弯，而桁架基本不弯曲。
Column – A vertical member carrying compressive loads. short columns crush, slender columns buckle. Formula for buckling: Euler’s equation.
柱 – 承受压缩载荷的竖直构件。短柱被压碎，细长柱发生失稳。屈曲相关欧拉公式。
Bending Moment (BM) – The internal moment that causes bending. Drawn as BM diagram. BM is maximum where shear force changes sign.
弯矩 – 导致弯曲的内力矩，可绘制弯矩图。在剪力变号处弯矩最大。
Shear Force (SF) – Internal force perpendicular to the beam axis. SF diagram helps identify maximum loads. Remember: cutting the beam reveals internal shear.
剪力 – 垂直于梁轴的内力。剪力图辅助找出最大载荷。记住：切开梁就能显示内部剪力。
Point Load and UDL – Point load acts at a single point; uniformly distributed load (UDL) spreads over a length. UDL is drawn as a rectangle on loading diagram.
集中载荷与均布载荷 – 集中载荷作用于一点；均布载荷沿长度均匀分布，在载荷图上画作矩形。
5. Fluid Mechanics Terminology | 流体力学术语
Pressure (P) – In a fluid, pressure acts equally in all directions. Hydraulic systems use this principle.
压强 – 单位面积上的力，单位帕斯卡 (Pa)。P = F/A。流体中，压强向各方向均等传递，液压系统就应用这个原理。
Hydrostatic Pressure – id: P = ρgh. Depth and density increase pressure. Think of diving: deeper = more pressure.
静水压强 – 由液柱高度产生的压强：P = ρgh。深度和密度越大，压强越大。潜水越深，耳朵越疼。
Flow Rate (Q) – ntinuity: A₁v₁ = A₂v₂ for incompressible flow. Picture a river narrowing; speed increases.
体积流量 – 每秒通过的流体体积：Q = A × v。对于不可压缩流体，连续性方程 A₁v₁ = A₂v₂。河道变窄，流速加快。
Bernoulli’s Equation: P + ½ρv² + ρgh = constant
伯努利方程: P + ½ρv² + ρgh = 常数
n velocity causes a decrease in pressure. Applies to aerofoils and venturi meters. Memory: ‘faster flow = lower pressure’.
伯努利原理：流速增加时压强减小。适用于机翼和文丘里管。记忆：“流速大，压强小”。
Viscosity – Fluid’s resistance to flow. High viscosity means thick (e.g. honey). Viscosity causes drag. Shear stress in a fluid is related to viscosity and velocity gradient.
黏度 – 流体抵抗流动的特性。高黏度意味着稠（如蜂蜜）。黏度产生阻力。流体中的剪切力与黏度和速度梯度有关。
Laminar vs Turbulent – low. Reynolds number (Re) predicts the flow regime: low Re → laminar, high Re → turbulent.
层流与湍流 – 层流：平滑分层流动。湍流：混乱、旋涡状流动。雷诺数 Re 低为层流，高为湍流。
6. Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer | 热力学与热传递
Temperature (T) – A measure of average kinetic energy of particles, in °C or K. Not the same as heat. Analogy: temperature is like water level, heat is the total volume.
温度 – 粒子平均动能的度量，单位 °C 或 K。温度与热量不同。类比：温度如水位高度，热量是总水量。
Heat (Q) – Heat flows from hot to cold. Equations: Q = mcΔT (specific heat) and Q = mL (latent heat).
热量 – 因温差所传递的能量，单位焦耳(J)。热从高温流向低温。公式：Q = mcΔT（显热）和 Q = mL（潜热）。
Specific Heat Capacity (c) – raise 1 kg of substance by 1 K, J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹. Water’s high c means it heats slowly. Memory: ‘specific heat = energy to warm up’.
比热容 – 1kg 物质升温 1K 所需能量，单位 J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹。水的比热容大，升温慢。记忆：“比热容是升温系数”。
Conduction – Heat transfer through a solid or stationary fluid by particle vibration. Metals are good conductors. Use Fourier’s law: Q ∝ kA ΔT/Δx.
热传导 – 通过固体或静止流体中粒子振动传热。金属导热强。傅里叶定律：导热速率与温度和截面积成正比。
Convection – Heat transfer by fluid movement. Natural convection from density changes, forced by fans. Think of a radiator warming a room.
热对流 – 通过流体运动传递热量。自然对流来自密度变化，强制对流由风扇驱动。暖气片加热房间为典型例子。
Radiation – Heat transfer by electromagnetic waves, no medium required. All objects emit radiation. Black surfaces are best emitters/absorbers.
热辐射 – 通过电磁波传热，无需介质。所有物体都辐射。黑色表面是最好发射体和吸收体。
7. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Turning – Machining process where a workpiece rotates against a stationary cutting tool. Produces cylindrical parts. Lathe is the main machine.
车削 – 工件旋转，刀具静止的切削加工，用于加工圆柱形零件，车床是核心设备。
Milling – A rotating cutter removes material from a stationary workpiece. Can create flat surfaces, slots and complex shapes. CNC milling is widespread.
铣削 – 旋转刀具切削静止工件，可加工平面、槽和复杂形状。数控铣床应用广泛。
Drilling – Creating a circular hole using a rotating drill bit. Twist drills are common. Key parameters: spindle speed, feed rate.
钻削 – 用旋转钻头加工圆孔，麻花钻常用。关键参数：主轴转速与进给量。
Casting – Pouring molten metal into a mould cavity. Sand casting, die casting. Used for complex shapes like engine blocks. Solidification forms final shape.
铸造 – 将熔融金属浇入型腔。包括砂型铸造、压力铸造。适用于发动机缸体等复杂件，凝固后成型。
Forming – Shaping material without removing
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