📚 AS Eduqas Politics: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Revision Guide | AS Eduqas 政治：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering political terminology is essential for top marks in the AS Eduqas Politics exam. Whether you are tackling UK Politics or UK Government, a clear grasp of key concepts sets the foundation for analysis and evaluation. This guide provides concise definitions for the most frequently examined terms, paired with bite-sized memory prompts to help you recall them quickly under exam pressure.
掌握政治术语是在 AS Eduqas 政治考试中取得高分的关键。无论你面对的是英国政治还是英国政府，清晰理解关键概念都为分析与评估奠定了基础。本指南为考试中最常出现的术语提供了简洁的定义，并搭配了简短的记忆提示，帮助你在考试压力下快速回想。
1. Democracy and Participation | 民主与参与
Democracy is built on public consent, and participation is its lifeblood. Below are the foundational terms you must know for any question on the UK's democratic fabric.
民主建立在公众同意之上，参与则是其生命线。以下是你在关于英国民主结构的任何问题中都必须掌握的基础术语。
Legitimacy: Legitimacy is the widespread belief that a government or institution has the right to exercise power. A government that loses legitimacy may face civil disobedience or revolution. Memory tip: 'Legitimate' = lawful and accepted; think of a ruler whose authority no one challenges.
合法性： 合法性是指人们普遍相信一个政府或机构有权行使权力。失去合法性的政府可能面临公民不服从或革命。速记提示：想想“正当”且被接受的统治者——其权威无人质疑。
Direct democracy: A form of democracy in which citizens vote directly on policy decisions, bypassing elected representatives. The Brexit referendum is a recent UK example. Memory tip: Direct = decision directly in the people's hands, no middleman.
直接民主： 一种民主形式，公民绕过民选代表直接就政策决定进行投票。英国脱欧公投是近年来的一个例子。速记提示：直接＝决策权直接掌握在人民手中，没有中间人。
Representative democracy: A system in which citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. The UK is a representative democracy with regular elections to the House of Commons. Memory tip: You elect someone to 'represent' you – they speak for you in parliament.
代议制民主： 一种制度，公民选举代表来替自己做出决策。英国是一个代议制民主国家，定期选举下议院议员。速记提示：你选举某人来“代表”你——他们在议会中为你发声。
Participation crisis: A perceived decline in traditional forms of political engagement, such as falling voter turnout and declining party membership, which may weaken democratic legitimacy. Memory tip: Picture a 'crisis' of empty ballot boxes and shrinking party rosters.
参与危机： 指传统政治参与形式（如投票率下降、政党成员减少）的明显衰落，这可能削弱民主合法性。速记提示：想象一个“危机”场景——空投票箱和缩水的党员名册。
2. Political Parties and Ideologies | 政党与意识形态
Parties structure political choices and translate ideology into action. Memorising these terms helps you explain how parties win, govern and realign.
政党构建政治选择，并将意识形态转化为行动。记住这些术语有助于解释政党如何获胜、治理和重组。
Mandate: The authority granted by an election victory to carry out the policies outlined in a party's manifesto. A large majority is often seen as a strong mandate. Memory tip: 'Mandate' sounds like 'command' – the electorate commands the party to deliver its promises.
授权： 选举胜利所赋予的实施政党宣言中所列政策的权力。一个较大的多数席位通常被视为强有力的授权。速记提示：“授权”听起来像“指令”——选民指令该党兑现承诺。
Manifesto: A published declaration of a party's intended policies and legislative priorities. Breaking manifesto commitments can damage trust and electoral prospects. Memory tip: Think of a 'manifesto' as a political shopping list – voters pick the list they prefer.
竞选宣言： 一份公开的政党意图实施的政策和立法优先事项声明。违背宣言承诺会损害信任和选举前景。速记提示：把“宣言”想象成一份政治购物清单——选民挑选他们偏好的那份清单。
Partisan dealignment: The weakening of voters' long-term attachment to a particular political party. This leads to greater volatility and ticket-splitting. Memory tip: 'De-' means removal; the traditional party loyalty 'alignment' is dissolving.
党派分化： 选民对某一特定政党长期依附感的减弱。这导致更大的波动性和分裂投票。速记提示：“De-”表示去除；传统的政党忠诚“连结”正在消解。
Class dealignment: The decline in the tendency for working-class voters to support left-of-centre parties and middle-class voters to support right-of-centre parties. Class has become a less reliable predictor of voting behaviour. Memory tip: Class and party used to be 'aligned' like train tracks; now the tracks have broken apart.
阶级分化： 工人阶级选民支持左翼政党、中产阶级选民支持右翼政党的趋势减弱。阶级已不再是投票行为的可靠预测指标。速记提示：阶级和政党过去像铁轨一样“对齐”；现在铁轨断开了。
3. Electoral Systems | 选举制度
Electoral systems translate votes into seats. You must be able to compare plurality and proportional methods with precision.
选举制度将选票转化为席位。你必须能够精确地比较多数制和比例制方法。
First-past-the-post (FPTP): A plurality electoral system used for UK general elections in which the candidate with the most votes in each constituency wins, even without an overall majority. It tends to produce strong, single-party governments. Memory tip: Imagine a horse race – the first horse past the post wins, no matter the margin.
简单多数制： 用于英国大选的一种多数选举制度，每个选区得票最多的候选人获胜，即使未过半数。它往往会产生强大的单一政党政府。速记提示：想象一场赛马——第一个冲过柱子的马获胜，无论领先多少。
Proportional representation (PR): An electoral system family designed to allocate seats in proportion to votes cast. Unlike FPTP, PR reduces wasted votes and gives smaller parties a greater chance of representation. Memory tip: 'Proportion' in the name – share of seats mirrors share of votes.
比例代表制： 一种旨在按得票比例分配席位的选举制度家族。与简单多数制不同，比例代表制减少了浪费选票，给予小政党更大的代表机会。速记提示：名字中有“比例”——席位比例反映得票比例。
Additional member system (AMS): A mixed electoral system combining FPTP constituency seats with regional PR lists, used for the Scottish Parliament and Welsh Senedd. Voters cast two votes. Memory tip: You get an 'additional' member from the party list on top of the constituency MP.
附加议员制： 一种混合选举制度，结合了简单多数制选区席位与区域比例代表制名单，用于苏格兰议会和威尔士议会。选民投两张票。速记提示：你在选区议员之外，还从政党名单中得到一位“附加”议员。
Single transferable vote (STV): A proportional system in multi-member constituencies where voters rank candidates in order of preference. Surplus votes are transferred until all seats are filled, used in Northern Ireland Assembly elections. Memory tip: Your vote is 'single' but 'transferable' – it moves to your next choice if your top candidate doesn't need it.
单记可转让投票制： 多席位选区中的一种比例制度，选民按偏好排列候选人。多余的选票会被转移，直到所有席位填满，用于北爱尔兰议会选举。速记提示：你的票是“单记”但“可转让”的——如果你首选的候选人用不上，它就会转给你的下一个选择。
4. Voting Behaviour and the Media | 投票行为与媒体
Understanding voting behaviour means going beyond simple statistics. These terms help you dissect how and why voters shift.
理解投票行为意味着超越简单的统计数据。这些术语帮助你剖析选民如何以及为何转变。
Swing: The percentage of voters who switch their support from one party to another between elections, often calculated as a net figure. Even a small swing can alter the electoral map dramatically. Memory tip: Think of a pendulum 'swinging' from one side to the other.
摆动： 在两次选举之间将支持从一个政党转向另一个政党的选民百分比，通常计算为净数值。哪怕是微小的摆动都可能极大地改变选举版图。速记提示：想象钟摆从一边“摆”向另一边。
Safe seat: A constituency in which the sitting party enjoys such a large majority that it is almost certain to be retained at the next election. Campaign resources are often directed away from safe seats. Memory tip: The seat is so 'safe' for one party that even a terrible campaign won't lose it.
安全席位： 一个现任政党拥有巨大优势的选区，几乎肯定会在下次选举中保住。竞选资源常常被从安全席位移走。速记提示：这个席位对某党来说如此“安全”，哪怕打一场糟糕的选战也不会失去。
Marginal seat: A constituency held by a narrow majority, making it highly competitive and likely to change hands. These seats receive intense attention from parties and the media. Memory tip: 'Marginal' = small margin; only a handful of votes could flip it.
边缘席位： 一个以微弱多数持有的选区，竞争异常激烈且易手可能性大。这些席位受到政党和媒体的高度关注。速记提示：“边缘”意味着微小差距；只需少量选票就可能翻盘。
Opinion poll: A survey designed to gauge public views on political issues or voting intentions, typically using a representative sample. Polls influence media narratives but can be inaccurate. Memory tip: It's an 'opinion' snapshot, not a crystal ball – remember 2015 an d 2017 polls.
民意调查： 一种旨在衡量公众对政治议题或投票意向看法的调查，通常使用代表性样本。民调会影响媒体叙事，但可能不准确。速记提示：它是“意见”的快照，不是水晶球——记住2015年和2017年的民调。
5. The Constitution | 宪法
The UK constitution is peculiar and much debated. These core terms frame any constitutional discussion.
英国宪法独特且争议颇多。这些核心术语构架了任何宪法讨论。
Uncodified constitution: A constitution that is not written in a single document but spread across statute law, conventions, common law, and authoritative works. The UK's uncodified nature allows for flexibility and evolution. Memory tip: It's not a single 'code' or book – think of a scattered jigsaw puzzle.
不成文宪法： 一部未写入单一文件，而是分散于成文法、惯例、普通法和权威著作中的宪法。英国的不成文性质赋予了其灵活性和演变能力。速记提示：它并非一部“法典”或一本书——想象一幅散落的拼图。
Codified constitution: A single, authoritative document that outlines the fundamental rules of government, often entrenched and superior to ordinary law. The USA has a codified constitution. Memory tip: All your key rules 'coded' into one supreme document – solid and hard to change.
成文宪法： 一部概述政府基本规则的单一、权威性文件，通常具有刚性且高于普通法律。美国拥有一部成文宪法。速记提示：你的所有关键规则被“编码”进一份最高文件——坚实且难以改变。
Parliamentary sovereignty: The doctrine that Parliament is the supreme legal authority and can make or unmake any law. No Parliament can bind its successors. Memory tip: Parliament is the 'sovereign' king of all laws – nothing overrules Westminster legislation.
议会主权： 议会在法律上拥有最高权威，可以制定或废除任何法律的原则。任何议会都不能约束其后继者。速记提示：议会是所有法律的“主权”之王——没有事物能推翻威斯敏斯特的立法。
Rule of law: The principle that everyone, including the government, is subject to the law and that law should be fairly applied. It protects citizens from arbitrary power. Memory tip: No one is above the law – the law 'rules' everyone equally.
法治： 包括政府在内的所有人都受法律约束，且法律应公平适用的原则。它保护公民免受专断权力侵害。速记提示：无人凌驾于法律之上——法律平等地“治理”所有人。
6. Parliament | 议会
Parliament scrutinises, legislates, and represents. Mastering the roles and mechanisms inside Westminster is essential.
议会负责审查、立法和代表。掌握威斯敏斯特内部的角色和机制至关重要。
House of Commons: The elected, lower chamber of the UK Parliament, composed of MPs from single-member constituencies. It holds primary legislative power and the government's survival depends on its confidence. Memory tip: 'Commons' = common people's representatives; it's where the prime minister must face the music.
下议院： 英国议会的民选下院，由从单选区选出的议员组成。它掌握主要立法权，政府的存亡取决于其信任。速记提示：“议院”即平民的代表；首相必须在此面对质询。
House of Lords: The unelected, upper chamber, comprising life peers, hereditary peers, and bishops. It revises legislation and acts as a revising chamber, but its powers are limited by the Parliament Acts. Memory tip: 'Lords' = aristocracy and experts; they can delay but not permanently block laws.
上议院： 未经选举的上院，由终身贵族、世袭贵族和主教组成。它修订立法，发挥修正院的作用，但其权力受《议会法》限制。速记提示：“贵族”= 贵族和专家；他们可以拖延但不能永久阻止法律。
Select committee: A cross-party parliamentary committee that scrutinises specific government departments or policies, taking evidence and publishing reports. They are influential but non-binding. Memory tip: They 'select' an area to investigate – think of a forensic inquiry, not a rubber stamp.
特别委员会： 一个跨党派议会委员会，负责审查特定的政府部门或政策，收集证据并发布报告。它们影响力大但不具约束力。速记提示：它们“选择”一个领域进行调查——想象一场法证调查，而非橡皮图章。
Whip: A party official responsible for ensuring MPs attend and vote according to the party line. A 'three-line whip' indicates a crucial vote. Memory tip: The whip 'cracks' to keep MPs in line; three lines under a vote means 'attend or face consequences'.
党鞭： 负责确保议员出席并按照党派路线投票的政党官员。“三线党鞭”表示一次至关重要的投票。速记提示：鞭子“抽响”以使议员遵守路线；投票下划三条线意味着“出席否则承担后果”。
7. Prime Minister and Cabinet | 首相与内阁
The executive branch sits at the heart of government. These concepts explain how power is exercised at the very top.
行政机关居于政府核心。这些概念解释了权力在最高层如何行使。
Prime ministerial government: The thesis that the prime minister dominates the executive, sidelining the cabinet and taking key decisions with a small circle of aides. Blair is often cited as an example. Memory tip: Everything flows from the PM – like a presidential figure within a parliamentary system.
首相政府： 首相主导行政机关，架空内阁并与一小圈助手做出关键决策的论点。布莱尔常被引为例子。速记提示：一切都从首相发出——像是议会制内的总统式人物。
Cabinet government: The traditional model in which the prime minister is 'first among equals' and major decisions are made collectively by the cabinet. This view emphasises collegiality and collective deliberation. Memory tip: The PM is just the chair; the full cabinet gathers around the table to decide.
内阁政府： 首相是“同侪之首”，重大决策由内阁集体做出的传统模式。此观点强调共治和集体商议。速记提示：首相只是主持人；整个内阁围桌而决。
Collective responsibility: The convention that cabinet ministers must publicly support agreed government policy or resign. It underpins government unity and accountability to Parliament. Memory tip: Once a decision is made, the team is 'collectively' bound – disagree in private, unite in public.
集体责任： 内阁大臣必须公开支持已商定的政府政策，否则辞职的惯例。它支撑着政府团结和对议会的问责。速记提示：一旦做出决定，团队就被“集体”约束——私下可以异议，公开必须统一。
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