📚 AS Eduqas German: Formulae and Theorems Quick Reference | AS Eduqas 德语:公式定理速查手册
Mastering German at AS Level under the Eduqas specification requires a solid grasp of recurring grammatical structures that behave like mathematical formulae. Just as you would memorise a formula in physics, in German you can internalise fixed patterns for cases, word order, verb conjugation, and clause building. This quick-reference handbook collects the essential "formulae" and "theorems" you need to navigate any AS German exam task with confidence.
在 Eduqas 考试局的 AS 德语课程中,掌握那些像数学公式一样反复出现的语法结构至关重要。正如你会背诵物理公式一样,在德语中你也可以内化格位变化、语序规则、动词变位和从句构建的固定模式。这本速查手册汇集了帮助你自信应对任何 AS 德语考试任务的必备“公式”与“定理”。
1. The Case System Formula | 格位系统公式
A German noun phrase lives in one of four cases, and each case triggers a predictable set of endings on articles, adjectives, and sometimes the noun itself. Think of the case as a variable that determines the output form. The core formula: Case + Gender + Number → Article Form + Adjective Ending.
一个德语名词短语总是处于四个格位之一,每个格位都会触发冠词、形容词甚至名词本身的一套可预测词尾。可以把格位看作决定输出形式的变量。核心公式为:格位 + 词性 + 数 → 冠词形式 + 形容词词尾。
The definite article table acts as the base. For masculine nouns: nominative der, accusative den, dative dem, genitive des. Feminine: die, die, der, der. Neuter: das, das, dem, des. Plural: die, die, den, der. This table underlies almost all other endings.
定冠词表格是基础。阳性名词:第一格 der、第四格 den、第三格 dem、第二格 des。阴性:die, die, der, der。中性:das, das, dem, des。复数:die, die, den, der。这张表格几乎支撑着所有其他词尾。
2. Adjective Endings Theorem | 形容词词尾定理
Adjective endings follow a simple theorem: when there is no article or an article without a clear strong ending, the adjective must carry the strong ending of the definite article table. When a determiner already shows the strong ending (like der, dieser, welcher), the adjective takes the weak ending -e or -en. This is the "signal principle".
形容词词尾遵循一条简单定理:当没有冠词或冠词没有清晰的强变化词尾时,形容词必须带上定冠词表格中的强变化词尾。当一个限定词已经显示出强变化词尾时(如 der, dieser, welcher),形容词就使用弱变化词尾 -e 或 -en。这就是“信号原则”。
After ein- words in the nominative masculine and neuter, ein and kein lack an ending, so the adjective steps in: ein großer Mann, ein kleines Kind. In accusative masculine, einen already signals, so the adjective ends in -en: einen großen Mann.
在不定冠词类词之后,主格的阳性和中性情况下 ein 和 kein 没有词尾,因此形容词补上:ein großer Mann, ein kleines Kind。在阳性第四格时,einen 已经给出了信号,所以形容词词尾是 -en:einen großen Mann。
3. Main Clause Word Order Formula: V2 | 主句语序公式:动词第二位
In a declarative main clause, the conjugated verb must occupy the second position. This is non-negotiable. The first position can be the subject, an object, an adverb, or a whole subordinate clause, but the verb stays locked in second place. The formula: Position 1 (any element) + conjugated verb + subject + other elements.
在陈述主句中,变位动词必须占据第二位。这是不可动摇的。第一位可以是主语、宾语、副词,甚至整个从句,但动词始终锁定在第二位。公式为:第一位(任意成分) + 变位动词 + 主语 + 其他成分。
Example: Morgen fahre ich nach Berlin. (Tomorrow I am going to Berlin.) Here Morgen is position 1, fahre is the verb, ich the subject. If you start with ich, you get Ich fahre morgen nach Berlin. The verb still comes second.
例如:Morgen fahre ich nach Berlin.(明天我去柏林。)这里 Morgen 是第一位,fahre 是动词,ich 是主语。如果你以 ich 开头,句子变成 Ich fahre morgen nach Berlin.。动词依然在第二位。
4. Time – Manner – Place Formula | 时间 – 方式 – 地点公式
When organising adverbial information in the middle field (after the verb), German prefers the sequence Time → Manner → Place. This is a powerful formula for writing natural-sounding sentences. Deviations are possible for emphasis, but in AS writing tasks you should stick to this pattern unless you have a specific stylistic reason.
当在中场(动词之后)安排状语信息时,德语倾向于使用 时间 → 方式 → 地点 的顺序。这个公式对于写出地道的句子非常有用。为表示强调可以改变顺序,但在 AS 写作任务中,除非有特殊的文体原因,应该遵守这个模式。
Example: Ich bin gestern mit dem Zug nach Hamburg gefahren. (Yesterday I went to Hamburg by train.) Time (gestern) → Manner (mit dem Zug) → Place (nach Hamburg). This sequence feels most natural to German ears.
例句:Ich bin gestern mit dem Zug nach Hamburg gefahren.(我昨天乘火车去了汉堡。)时间(gestern)→ 方式(mit dem Zug)→ 地点(nach Hamburg)。这种顺序在德语母语者听来最为自然。
5. Perfect Tense Formula with haben or sein | 现在完成时公式:haben 或 sein
The perfect tense is the default past tense in spoken German and is expected in AS oral and informal writing tasks. The formula is straightforward: conjugated auxiliary (haben or sein) in position 2 + past participle at the end of the clause. The choice of auxiliary is a theorem based on movement or state change.
现在完成时是德语口语中的默认过去时,也是 AS 口语和非正式写作中期望使用的时态。公式很直观:第二位上的变位助动词(haben 或 sein) + 从句末尾的第二分词。助动词的选择是基于运动或状态变化的一条定理。
Use sein for verbs indicating a change of location or state: gehen, fahren, kommen, aufwachen, sterben. Use haben for most others, including all transitive verbs. Example: Er ist nach Hause gegangen. vs Er hat ein Buch gelesen.
使用 sein 的情况:表示位置或状态变化的动词,如 gehen, fahren, kommen, aufwachen, sterben。其余大多数动词使用 haben,包括所有及物动词。例:Er ist nach Hause gegangen.(他回家去了。)对比 Er hat ein Buch gelesen.(他读了一本书。)
6. The Modal Verb Sentence Bracket | 情态动词句框结构
Modal verbs (können, müssen, dürfen, sollen, wollen, mögen) create a classic German sentence bracket. The formula: conjugated modal verb in position 2 + ... + infinitive at the end. All other information sits inside the bracket. This is a fundamental structural theorem.
情态动词(können, müssen, dürfen, sollen, wollen, mögen)构成典型的德语句框。公式为:第二位上的变位情态动词 + ... + 末尾的不定式。所有其他信息都被装在句框内。这是一条基本的结构定理。
Example: Ich muss morgen meine Hausaufgaben machen. The bracket opens with muss and closes with machen. The contents morgen meine Hausaufgaben sit in between. In subordinate clauses, the modal verb goes to the end: ..., weil ich meine Hausaufgaben machen muss.
例句:Ich muss morgen meine Hausaufgaben machen.(我明天必须做作业。)句框以 muss 开启,以 machen 关闭。中间的内容 morgen meine Hausaufgaben 被框住。在从句中,情态动词退到末尾:..., weil ich meine Hausaufgaben machen muss.
7. Subordinate Clause Verb-Final Theorem | 从句动词末尾定理
Whenever a subordinate conjunction (weil, dass, wenn, obwohl, damit, etc.) introduces a clause, the conjugated verb is banished to the very end. The formula: conjunction + subject + ... + (other elements) + conjugated verb. This is one of the most frequently tested rules in AS grammar.
每当一个从属连词(如 weil, dass, wenn, obwohl, damit 等)引导从句时,变位动词就被驱逐到句子的最末尾。公式为:连词 + 主语 + ... + (其他成分) + 变位动词。这是 AS 语法中最常考查的规则之一。
In a sentence with an auxiliary or modal, the conjugated auxiliary goes last, with any infinite verb just before it: Ich glaube, dass er das Buch gelesen hat. The order is gelesen (participle) then hat (conjugated auxiliary). This is the "double infinitive" end position.
在包含助动词或情态动词的从句中,变位的助动词退至最后,任何不定式或分词紧邻其前:Ich glaube, dass er das Buch gelesen hat.(我相信他把书读完了。)顺序是 gelesen(分词)然后 hat(变位助动词)。这就是所谓的“双动词末尾”结构。
8. Prepositional Case Government Formulae | 介词格支配公式
Prepositions in German dictate the case of the following noun phrase. This is a strict rule and can be learned as a set of groups. Accusative-only prepositions: durch, für, gegen, ohne, um. Dative-only prepositions: aus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu. Genitive prepositions (formal): während, trotz, wegen, (an)statt. Two-way prepositions: an, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen.
德语中的介词支配其后名词短语的格位。这是一条严格的规则,可以分组成套来学习。纯第四格介词:durch, für, gegen, ohne, um。纯第三格介词:aus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu。第二格介词(正式场合):während, trotz, wegen, (an)statt。两可介词:an, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen。
For two-way prepositions, apply the theorem: if the verb expresses location (Where? → dative), if it expresses direction or movement towards a destination (Where to? → accusative). Example: Ich bin in der Stadt (dative, location) vs Ich gehe in die Stadt (accusative, movement).
对于两可介词,应用如下定理:如果动词表示静态位置(提问“在哪里?”→ 第三格),如果表示方向或移动至某地(提问“去哪里?”→ 第四格)。例:Ich bin in der Stadt(在城里,第三格)对比 Ich gehe in die Stadt(进城去,第四格)。
9. Comparative and Superlative Formulae | 比较级与最高级公式
Comparative adjectives follow a regular morphological formula: base form + -er. Most one-syllable adjectives with stem vowel a, o, u take an umlaut: alt → älter, groß → größer, jung → jünger. Superlative formula: am + base form + -(e)sten for adverbial use, or definite article + base form + -ste with correct adjective ending for attributive use.
比较级形容词遵循规则的形态公式:原级 + -er。大多词干元音为 a, o, u 的单音节形容词会变音:alt → älter, groß → größer, jung → jünger。最高级公式:作状语时用 am + 原级 + -(e)sten,作定语时用 定冠词 + 原级 + -ste 并带上正确的形容词词尾。
Example: schnell → schneller → am schnellsten. Irregular forms must be memorised: gut → besser → am besten; viel → mehr → am meisten; gern → lieber → am liebsten. In AS writing, you will often be asked to compare data or express preferences using these patterns.
例:schnell → schneller → am schnellsten(快 → 更快 → 最快)。不变化形式需要记忆:gut → besser → am besten; viel → mehr → am meisten; gern → lieber → am liebsten。在 AS 写作中,常常要求你使用这些模式来比较数据或表达偏好。
10. Passive Voice Transformation Theorem | 被动语态转换定理
The passive voice in German is formed using the auxiliary werden plus the past participle of the main verb. The formula: werden (conjugated) + ... + past participle. In the perfect passive, the auxiliary sein is used with worden (the special passive form of the participle of werden): sein + past participle + worden.
德语被动语态由助动词 werden 加上实义动词的第二分词构成。公式为:werden(变位) + ... + 第二分词。在现在完成被动中,使用助词 sein 搭配 worden(werden 的特殊被动分词):sein + 第二分词 + worden。
To transform an active sentence into the passive, the accusative object becomes the nominative subject, the original subject becomes an optional von-phrase. Example: Der Mann liest das Buch. → Das Buch wird von dem Mann gelesen. This is a commonly examined manipulation.
要将主动句变为被动句,将第四格宾语变成第一格主语,原主语变成可选的 von-短语。例如:Der Mann liest das Buch. → Das Buch wird von dem Mann gelesen.(这本书被那个男人读。)这是经常考查的句式转换。
11. Noun Genders and Plural Patterns | 名词词性与复数模式定理
While noun genders must be memorised, certain endings provide reliable clues: -ung, -heit, -keit, -schaft, -tion are almost always feminine. -chen, -lein are neuter. -er, -en, -el are often masculine but not always. Plural formation follows a set of patterns that act like formulae: add -e (often with umlaut, e.g., der Stuhl → die Stühle); add -er (often with umlaut, e.g., das Kind → die Kinder); add -n/-en (common for feminine nouns, e.g., die Frau → die Frauen); add -s (for many loanwords, e.g., das Auto → die Autos); no change (often masculine/neuter on -er, -en, -el, e.g., der Lehrer → die Lehrer).
尽管名词的词性需要记忆,但某些词尾能提供可靠线索:-ung, -heit, -keit, -schaft, -tion 几乎总是阴性。-chen, -lein 是中性。-er, -en, -el 常为阳性但非绝对。复数构成遵循一系列类似于公式的模式:加 -e(常伴随变音,如 der Stuhl → die Stühle);加 -er(常伴随变音,如 das Kind → die Kinder);加 -n/-en(常见于阴性名词,如 die Frau → die Frauen);加 -s(许多外来词,如 das Auto → die Autos);无变化(常为以 -er, -en, -el 结尾的阳性/中性名词,如 der Lehrer → die Lehrer)。
In AS grammar tasks, you must demonstrate knowledge of these patterns by forming correct plurals and selecting the right article. The plural form is always paired with the definite article die in nominative and accusative.
在 AS 语法任务中,你必须通过构成正确的复数形式并选择正确的冠词来展现对这些模式的掌握。复数形式在主格和第四格中总是与定冠词 die 搭配。
12. Relative Clause Selection Formula | 关系从句选择公式
Relative pronouns match the gender and number of the antecedent, but their case is determined by their own function inside the relative clause. This dual dependency is a classic stumbling block. The formula: , number] → relative pronoun [same gender, same number, case from role in relative clause].
关系代词的词性和数与先行词一致,但其格位由关系代词在从句中的自身功能决定。这种双重依赖是经典的困难点。公式为:先行词 [词性,数] → 关系代词 [相同词性,相同数,格位由从句中的角色决定]。
Example: Der Mann, dem ich das Buch gegeben habe, ... Here dem is dative because it is the indirect object of gegeben habe, even though Mann is masculine nominative. The table of relative pronouns mirrors the definite article table, with slight differences in genitive and dative plural.
例:Der Mann, dem ich das Buch gegeben habe, ...(那个我给了他书的男人……)此处 dem 是第三格,因为它是 gegeben habe 的间接宾语,尽管 Mann 是阳性第一格。关系代词的表格与定冠词表格相似,只在第二格和复数第三格有细微差别。
| Case | Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | der | die | das | die |
| Acc. | den | die | das | die |
| Dat. | dem | der | dem | denen |
| Gen. | dessen | deren | dessen | deren |
Using the correct relative pronoun is essential for the cohesion and grammatical accuracy marks in the AS writing paper. Practise by combining two simple sentences into one complex unit.
正确使用关系代词对于 AS 写作部分的连贯性和语法准确性分数至关重要。通过将两个简单句合并为一个复合句来练习。
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