📚 AS Eduqas Computer Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Guide | AS Eduqas 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the precise vocabulary of computer science is half the battle in AS Eduqas exams. This guide presents key terms grouped by topic, each accompanied by a short definition and a mnemoic or memory aid. Use these quick references to reinforce your recall during revision—understanding the terminology will sharpen your answers and help you tackle exam questions with confidence.
掌握计算机科学中的精确术语是 AS Eduqas 考试成功的一半。本指南按主题分组列出关键术语，每个术语附有简短定义和记忆提示。在复习时使用这些快速参考来强化记忆——理解术语将让你的答案更加精准，并帮助你自信应对考题。
1. Hardware & Architecture | 硬件与体系结构
CPU (Central Processing Unit) – The 'brain' of the computer that executes instructions. Mnemonic: 'CPU processes everything'.
CPU（中央处理器） – 计算机的“大脑”，执行指令。记忆口诀：“CPU 处理一切”。
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) – Carries out arithmetic and logical operations inside the CPU. Think: 'Arithmetic + Logic = ALU'.
ALU（算术逻辑单元） – 在 CPU 内部执行算术和逻辑运算。联想：“算术 (Arithmetic) + 逻辑 (Logic) = ALU”。
CU (Control Unit) – Directs the flow of data and coordinates all CPU activities. Mnemonic: 'CU controls traffic'.
CU（控制单元） – 指挥数据流动并协调所有 CPU 活动。记忆口诀：“CU 控制交通”。
Registers (MAR, MDR, PC, ACC) – Tiny, fast memory locations inside the CPU. MAR holds the address of the next data, MDR holds the data, PC holds the address of the next instruction, ACC stores results. Remember: 'MAR points, MDR moves, PC steps, ACC keeps score'.
寄存器（MAR, MDR, PC, ACC） – CPU 内部微小、高速的存储位置。MAR 存放下一个数据的地址，MDR 存放数据，PC 存放下一条指令的地址，ACC 存储结果。口诀：“MAR 指路，MDR 搬运，PC 走步，ACC 记分”。
Von Neumann Architecture – A design where program instructions and data share the same memory and bus system. Key idea: 'Stored program concept – one memory for all'.
冯·诺依曼体系结构 – 程序指令和数据共享同一内存和总线的设计。核心理念：“存储程序概念——一体内存用于全部”。
Logic Gates (AND, OR, NOT, XOR) – Building blocks of digital circuits. AND outputs 1 only when both inputs are 1; OR outputs 1 if any input is 1; NOT flips the input; XOR gives 1 when inputs are different. Mnemonic: 'AND both, OR any, NOT flip, XOR different'.
逻辑门（AND, OR, NOT, XOR） – 数字电路的构建模块。AND 仅当两个输入均为 1 时输出 1；OR 在任一个输入为 1 时输出 1；NOT 反转输入；XOR 在输入不同时输出 1。口诀：“AND 同真，OR 任一，NOT 取反，XOR 异真”。
2. Memory & Storage | 内存与存储
RAM (Random Access Memory) – Volatile memory that stores data and programs currently in use. Mnemonic: 'RAM vanishes when power off'.
RAM（随机存取存储器） – 易失性内存，存储正在使用的数据和程序。记忆：“断电 RAM 消失”。
ROM (Read-Only Memory) – Non-volatile memory that holds firmware like the BIOS. Compare: 'ROM stays even when off'.
ROM（只读存储器） – 非易失性存储器，保存固件如 BIOS。对比：“ROM 断电仍在”。
Cache Memory – Very fast, small-capacity memory placed close to the CPU to speed up data access. Think: 'Cache – the CPU's quick-access pocket'.
高速缓存 (Cache) – 位于 CPU 附近、容量小但极快的内存，用于加快数据访问。联想：“Cache——CPU 的快取口袋”。
Virtual Memory – A technique that uses part of a secondary storage device as if it were RAM when physical RAM runs out. Mnemonic: 'Virtual memory borrows disk space to fake RAM'.
虚拟内存 – 当物理 RAM 不足时，借用部分辅助存储设备模拟 RAM 的技术。口诀：“虚拟内存借磁盘空间冒充 RAM”。
Secondary Storage (Magnetic, Solid State, Optical) – Non-volatile storage for long-term data retention. Magnetic (HDD) uses spinning disks, solid state (SSD) uses flash memory, optical uses lasers. Key difference: 'Magnetic spins, SSD flashes, optical beams'.
辅助存储器（磁、固态、光） – 非易失性存储，长期保存数据。磁盘 (HDD) 用旋转盘片，固态 (SSD) 用闪存，光存储用激光。关键区别：“磁盘旋转，固态闪存，光盘光束”。
3. Data Representation | 数据表示
Binary & Hexadecimal – Binary is base-2 (0 and 1); hex is base-16 (0–9, A–F) and is more human-friendly. Mnemonic for hex conversion: 'Each hex digit = 4 bits (nibble)'.
二进制与十六进制 – 二进制是基 2 系统（0 和 1）；十六进制是基 16（0–9、A–F），更易于阅读。转换口诀：“每个十六进制位 = 4 个二进制位（半字节）”。
Overflow – When the result of a binary addition exceeds the allocated number of bits. Think: 'Too big for the box – overflow error'.
溢出 – 二进制加法结果超出分配的位数。联想：“盒子装不下——溢出错误”。
Character Sets (ASCII and Unicode) – ASCII uses 7 or 8 bits for English characters; Unicode extends this to cover all languages and emojis. Mnemonic: 'ASCII basic, Unicode universal'.
字符集（ASCII 和 Unicode） – ASCII 用 7 或 8 位表示英文字符；Unicode 扩展以涵盖所有语言和表情符号。口诀：“ASCII 基础，Unicode 全球”。
Bitmap Images (Pixels, Colour Depth, Resolution) – depth (bits per pixel) determines colours, and resolution is pixels per inch. Memory aid: 'More bits → more colours; more pixels → sharper image'.
位图图像（像素、色深、分辨率） – 由像素网格组成，色深（每像素位数）决定颜色数，分辨率是每英寸像素数。记忆：“更多位→更多色彩；更多像素→更清晰”。
Sound Sampling (Sampling Rate, Bit Depth) – te is the frequency of measurements; bit depth is the resolution of each sample. Mnemonic: 'Rate = how often; depth = how detailed'.
声音采样（采样率、位深度） – 通过定期测量声波振幅将模拟声音数字化。采样率是测量频率；位深度是每次采样的精度。口诀：“率 = 多频繁；深度 = 多精细”。
Lossy vs Lossless Compression – Lossy permanently removes some data (e.g., MP3, JPEG); lossless preserves all data (e.g., PNG, ZIP). Think: 'Lossy loses quality to save space; lossless keeps everything'.
有损与无损压缩 – 有损压缩永久移除部分数据（如 MP3、JPEG）；无损压缩保留全部数据（如 PNG、ZIP）。联想：“有损牺牲质量省空间；无损保留全部”。
4. Networks | 网络
LAN (Local Area Network) & WAN (Wide Area Network) – eographic area (e.g., a school); WAN spans large distances (e.g., the Internet). Mnemonic: 'LAN = local; WAN = world'.
LAN（局域网）和 WAN（广域网） – LAN 覆盖小地理范围（如学校）；WAN 跨越远距离（如互联网）。口诀：“LAN 本地，WAN 广域”。
Client-Server vs Peer-to-Peer (P2P) – In client-server, a central server provides resources to clients. In P2P, all devices act as both clients and servers. Memory aid: 'Server rules; P2P shares equally'.
客户端-服务器与对等网络 (P2P) – 客户端-服务器模式中，中央服务器向客户端提供资源。P2P 中，所有设备同时充当客户端和服务器。记忆：“服务器主导；P2P 平等分享”。
Network Topologies (Bus, Star, Mesh) – Bus topology uses a single backbone cable; star connects all nodes to a central switch; mesh connects nodes to many others for redundancy. Mnemonic: 'Bus single, star central, mesh many paths'.
网络拓扑（总线、星型、网状） – 总线拓扑使用单一主干电缆；星型将所有节点连接到中央交换机；网状将节点相互连接以实现冗余。口诀：“总线一条线，星型中心点，网状多路径”。
Network Hardware (Router, Switch, NIC, WAP) – Router forwards packets between networks; switch connects devices within a LAN; NIC provides the physical connection; WAP enables wireless access. Think: 'Router between, switch within, NIC connector, WAP wireless'.
网络硬件（路由器、交换机、网卡、无线接入点） – 路由器在网间转发数据包；交换机在 LAN 内连接设备；网卡提供物理连接；无线接入点实现无线访问。联想：“路由器跨网，交换机网内，网卡连接器，WAP 无线”。
IP Address & MAC Address – IP address identifies a device on a network (can change); MAC address is a unique hardware identifier (fixed). Mnemonic: 'IP like postal address, MAC like fingerprint'.
IP 地址与 MAC 地址 – IP 地址标识网络上的设备（可变化）；MAC 地址是唯一的硬件标识（固定）。口诀：“IP 像邮寄地址，MAC 像指纹”。
5. Network Protocols & Security | 网络协议与安全
TCP/IP Stack – The suite of protocols that governs Internet communication. Application layer (HTTP, FTP), transport layer (TCP), internet layer (IP), link layer (Ethernet, Wi-Fi). Mnemonic: 'All TCP/IP layers: A Transporting Internet Link'.
TCP/IP 协议栈 – 管理互联网通信的协议套件。应用层 (HTTP, FTP)、传输层 (TCP)、网络层 (IP)、链路层 (以太网、Wi-Fi)。口诀：“所有 TCP/IP 层：应用传输互联网链路”。
HTTP & HTTPS – HyperText Transfer Protocol for web pages; HTTPS adds encryption (SSL/TLS). Think: 'S means secure'.
HTTP 与 HTTPS – 超文本传输协议用于网页；HTTPS 添加加密 (SSL/TLS)。“S 代表安全 (Secure)”。
Firewall & Encryption – A firewall monitors and filters incoming/outgoing network traffic based on rules. Encryption scrambles data so only authorised parties can read it. Mnemonic: 'Firewall blocks, encryption masks'.
防火墙与加密 – 防火墙根据规则监控并过滤进出网络流量。加密将数据打乱，只有授权方可以读取。口诀：“防火墙拦截，加密遮掩”。
Malware (Virus, Worm, Trojan) – Malicious software: virus attaches to files and spreads; worm self-replicates over networks; trojan disguises itself as legitimate software. Memory aid: 'Virus needs host, worm moves alone, trojan tricks'.
恶意软件（病毒、蠕虫、特洛伊木马） – 病毒附着于文件并传播；蠕虫在网络中自我复制；木马伪装成合法软件。记忆：“病毒需宿主，蠕虫独自走，木马靠欺骗”。
6. System Software & Operating Systems | 系统软件与操作系统
Operating System (OS) – Manages hardware resources, provides user interface, handles memory, processes and files. Mnemonic: 'OS: manager of all computer affairs'.
操作系统 (OS) – 管理硬件资源，提供用户界面，处理内存、进程和文件。口诀：“OS：计算机事务大管家”。
Memory Management (Paging, Segmentation) – The OS organises RAM so multiple programs can run without interfering. Paging divides memory into fixed-size blocks; segmentation uses variable-sized segments. Think: 'Pages are equal; segments are custom'.
内存管理（分页、分段） – 操作系统组织 RAM 以便多个程序运行而不相互干扰。分页将内存划分为固定大小块；分段使用可变大小段。联想：“页块均等；段块定制”。
Utility Software – Programs that perform maintenance tasks: disk defragmenter, backup, antivirus, compression tools, disk cleaner. Mnemonic: 'Utilities keep the system healthy'.
实用工具软件 – 执行维护任务的程序：磁盘碎片整理、备份、杀毒、压缩工具、磁盘清理。口诀：“工具软件保持系统健康”。
Device Drivers – Small programs that tell the OS how to communicate with specific hardware. Think: 'Driver = translator between OS and hardware'.
设备驱动程序 – 告诉操作系统如何与特定硬件通信的小程序。联想：“驱动程序 = OS 与硬件间的翻译”。
7. Databases | 数据库
Relational Database vs Flat File – A flat file stores all data in a single table; a relational database splits data into linked tables using keys. Mnemonic: 'Flat file one table; relational many tables with keys'.
关系型数据库与平面文件 – 平面文件将所有数据存储在单一表中；关系型数据库使用键将数据拆分到多个关联的表中。口诀：“平面文件一张表；关系型多表靠键连”。
Primary Key & Foreign Key – Primary key uniquely identifies each record in a table. Foreign key is a field in one table that refers to the primary key of another, establishing a relationship. Memory aid: 'Primary in my table, foreign links to yours'.
主键与外键 – 主键唯一标识表中的每条记录。外键是一张表中引用另一张表主键的字段，用于建立关系。记忆：“主键在我表，外键连你表”。
SQL Basic Commands – SELECT extracts data, FROM specifies table, WHERE filters rows. INSERT adds new rows, UPDATE modifies existing data, DELETE removes rows. Mnemonic: 'SELECT what FROM where; INSERT new; UPDATE change; DELETE remove'.
SQL 基本命令 – SELECT 提取数据，FROM 指定表，WHERE 过滤行。INSERT 添加新行，UPDATE 修改现有数据，DELETE 删除行。口诀：“SELECT 什么 FROM 哪；INSERT 新增；UPDATE 修改；DELETE 删除”。
Normalisation – The process of organising data to reduce redundancy by splitting tables and linking with foreign keys. Aim for 1NF (no repeating groups), 2NF (no partial dependencies), 3NF (no transitive dependencies). Think: 'Normalisation: split until no duplicates depend on non-keys'.
规范化 – 通过拆分表并使用外键连接，以减少数据冗余的过程。目标达到 1NF（无重复组）、2NF（无部分依赖）、3NF（无传递依赖）。联想：“规范化：拆分直到没有非键依赖导致重复”。
8. Programming Fundamentals | 编程基础
Variable & Constant – A variable is a named memory location whose value can change; a constant's value stays the same throughout the program. Mnemonic: 'Variable varies, constant const'.
变量与常量 – 变量是命名的内存位置，其值可以改变；常量的值在整个程序中保持不变。口诀：“变量可变，常量恒定”。
Data Types (Integer, Real/Float, Boolean, Character, String) – Integer for whole numbers, real for decimals, Boolean for true/false, character for single symbol, string for text. Memory aid: 'Int for whole, float for fraction, Boolean for logic, char for one, string for words'.
数据类型（整型、实型/浮点型、布尔型、字符型、字符串） – 整型用于整数，实型用于小数，布尔型用于真假，字符型用于单个符号，字符串用于文本。记忆：“整型整数，浮点小数，布尔逻辑，字符单个，字符串成句”。
Sequence, Selection, Iteration – The three basic control structures. Sequence runs instructions in order; selection (if, case) makes decisions; iteration (for, while, repeat) repeats code. Mnemonic: 'SSI: straight, split, spin'.
顺序、选择、循环 – 三种基本控制结构。顺序按序执行指令；选择（if、case）做决策；循环（for、while、repeat）重复代码。口诀：“SSI：直行、分支、循环”。
Procedures vs Functions – A procedure is a named block of code that performs a task; a function is similar but returns a value. Think: 'Procedure does, function returns'.
过程与函数 – 过程是执行任务的命名代码块；函数类似但会返回一个值。联想：“过程做事情，函数返回值”。
Local and Global Variables – Local variables are declared inside a subroutine and can only be used there. Global variables are declared outside and accessible throughout the program. Mnemonic: 'Local is locked; global is everywhere'.
局部变量与全局变量 – 局部变量在子程序内部声明，仅在那里使用。全局变量在外部声明，可被整个程序访问。口诀：“局部锁内部，全局到处用”。
9. Algorithms & Data Structures | 算法与数据结构
Linear Search & Binary Search – Linear search checks each element one by one; binary search works on sorted lists by repeatedly halving the search space. Mnemonic: 'Linear lines up, binary bisects sorted'.
线性搜索与二分搜索 – 线性搜索逐个检查元素；二分搜索作用于已排序列表，通过反复对半缩小搜索范围。口诀：“线性逐一排，二分对半切（有序）”。
Bubble Sort & Insertion Sort – Bubble sort repeatedly swaps adjacent elements if they are in the wrong order; insertion sort picks an element and inserts it into its correct position in a sorted sublist. Memory aid: 'Bubble floats up by swapping; insertion builds order one by one'.
冒泡排序与插入排序 – 冒泡排序反复交换顺序错误的相邻元素；插入排序逐个选取元素并将其插入已排序子列表的正确位置。记忆：“冒泡交换上浮；插入逐个构建有序”。
Big O Notation – A measure of how an algorithm's runtime or memory usage grows with input size n. O(1) constant, O(n) linear, O(n²) quadratic. Think: 'Big O describes the worst-case growth rate'. Examples: linear search O(n), binary search O(log n).
大 O 表示法 – 衡量算法运行时间或内存使用随输入大小 n 增长的方式。O(1) 常数时间，O(n) 线性，O(n²) 平方阶。联想：“大 O 描述最坏情况增长率”。例：线性搜索 O(n)，二分搜索 O(log n)。
Arrays (1D
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