📚 WJEC AS French Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | AS WJEC 法语:公式定理速查手册
Many students approach French grammar as a collection of disconnected rules, but at the heart of the language lies a set of powerful patterns – much like formulas and theorems in mathematics. This revision handbook recasts essential WJEC AS French grammar into a series of 'formulas' you can memorise, apply and check. Think of verb conjugations as algebraic structures, of sentence-building as plugging variables into proven templates. Once you learn to see the language in this way, accuracy and confidence become inevitable.
许多学生把法语语法看作一堆互不关联的规则,但语言的核心其实是一套强大的模式——就像数学中的公式和定理一样。这本速查手册将 WJEC AS 法语的核心语法重新组织成一系列可以记忆、套用和检验的「公式」。你可以把动词变位想象成代数结构,把造句视为将变量代入经过验证的模板。一旦学会用这种方式看待语言,准确度和自信心便会水到渠成。
1. Regular -ER Verb Conjugation Formula | 规则 -ER 动词变位公式
The vast majority of French verbs belong to the -ER group, and they follow a highly predictable pattern. Start with the infinitive (e.g. parler), remove the -ER to isolate the stem (parl-), then attach the present-tense endings according to the subject pronoun. The underlying formula is: Stem + Ending = Conjugated verb. The endings are -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent.
绝大多数法语动词属于 -ER 组,并遵循高度可预测的模式。从不定式(如 parler)开始,去掉 -ER 得到词干(parl-),然后根据主语人称代词加上现在时词尾。其底层公式为:词干 + 词尾 = 变位动词。词尾分别是 -e、-es、-e、-ons、-ez、-ent。
| Subject | Ending | Example (parler) |
|---|---|---|
| je | -e | je parle |
| tu | -es | tu parles |
| il/elle/on | -e | il parle |
| nous | -ons | nous parlons |
| vous | -ez | vous parlez |
| ils/elles | -ent | ils parlent |
This pattern also applies to verbs like aimer, habiter and travailler. The key is to identify the stable stem, which remains unchanged across all persons, making it the most predictable 'formula' in the language.
这一模式同样适用于 aimer、habiter 和 travailler 等动词。关键在于找出稳定的词干,它在所有人称下保持不变,因此成为法语中最可预测的「公式」。
2. Regular -IR and -RE Verb Formulas | 规则 -IR 和 -RE 动词公式
After -ER verbs, the next two regular families are -IR verbs (finir type) and -RE verbs (vendre type). For -IR verbs, remove the -IR to find the stem, then add -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent. Note that the plural forms insert -iss- before the traditional endings, a crucial detail for correct conjugation. The formula is: Stem + (-iss for plural) + Ending.
继 -ER 动词之后,接下来两类规则家族是 -IR 动词(finir 型)和 -RE 动词(vendre 型)。对于 -IR 动词,去掉 -IR 得到词干,然后加上 -is、-is、-it、-issons、-issez、-issent。注意复数形式在传统词尾前插入 -iss-,这是正确变位的关键细节。公式为:词干 +(复数加 -iss)+ 词尾。
For -RE verbs, the stem is obtained by dropping the -RE. The endings are -s, -s, - (no ending), -ons, -ez, -ent. In the third person singular (il/elle), the stem stands alone without any added ending. This creates a distinctive minimal form that is easy to spot.
对于 -RE 动词,去掉 -RE 得到词干。词尾为 -s、-s、-(无词尾)、-ons、-ez、-ent。在第三人称单数(il/elle)中,词干单独出现,不加任何词尾。这就形成了一个独特的最小形式,很容易识别。
| Verb type | Example (finir / vendre) | Pattern summary |
|---|---|---|
| -IR | je finis, nous finissons | Singular: stem + s/s/t; Plural: stem + iss + ons/ez/ent |
| -RE | je vends, il vend | Stem + s/s/ø/ons/ez/ent |
These two families expand your conjugation toolkit significantly and follow theorems almost as strictly as the -ER group does.
这两个家族极大地扩展了你的变位工具箱,并且遵循的定理几乎与 -ER 组一样严格。
3. Key Irregular Verbs – 'Avoir' and 'Être' | 关键不规则动词 – 'avoir' 和 'être'
No theorem set is complete without irregular constants. Avoir and être are the two most critical auxiliary verbs in French, used to build compound tenses and the passive voice. Their present-tense forms must be memorised as unique 'constants' because they follow no regular stem pattern. Avoir: j'ai, tu as, il a, nous avons, vous avez, ils ont. Être: je suis, tu es, il est, nous sommes, vous êtes, ils sont.
没有任何一套定理可以缺少不规则常量。Avoir 和 être 是法语中最重要的两个助动词,用来构建复合时态和被动语态。它们现在的形式必须作为独特的「常量」来记忆,因为它们不遵循任何规则的词干模式。Avoir:j'ai、tu as、il a、nous avons、vous avez、ils ont。Être:je suis、tu es、il est、nous sommes、vous êtes、ils sont。
You can think of them as atomic particles in a grammatical nucleus. Other high-frequency irregular verbs such as faire, aller and pouvoir also serve as elementary blocks. For instance, aller (je vais, tu vas, il va, nous allons, vous allez, ils vont) provides a stem shift that feeds into the near future formula.
你可以把它们想象成语法原子核中的基本粒子。其他高频不规则动词,如 faire、aller 和 pouvoir,也充当基本构件。例如 aller(je vais、tu vas、il va、nous allons、vous allez、ils vont)提供的词干变化会输入到最近将来时公式中。
4. Passé Composé Formation Theorem | 复合过去时构成定理
The passé composé is the primary past tense used in conversation and writing to express completed actions. Its theorem is binary: Auxiliary (avoir or être) in present tense + Past participle of main verb. The auxiliary is usually avoir, but a fixed set of approximately 17 intransitive verbs (including aller, venir, arriver, partir, entrer, sortir, monter, descendre, naître, mourir) and all reflexive verbs take être. With être, the past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject: add -e for feminine, -s for plural, -es for feminine plural.
复合过去时是口语和写作中表达已完成动作的主要过去时态。其定理是二元的:助动词(avoir 或 être)现在时 + 主要动词的过去分词。助动词通常是 avoir,但有一组固定的大约 17 个不及物动词(包括 aller, venir, arriver, partir, entrer, sortir, monter, descendre, naître, mourir)以及所有自反动词使用 être。使用 être 时,过去分词在性和数上与主语保持一致:阴性加 -e,复数加 -s,阴性复数加 -es。
Theorem: Subject + (avoir / être) + Past participle → Completed action in the past
定理:主语 + (avoir / être) + 过去分词 → 过去完成的动作
When negation wraps this compound, the ne...pas embraces the auxiliary, not the participle: Je n'ai pas fini. This positioning is part of the negation formula detailed later.
当否定环绕这个复合结构时,ne...pas 包围的是助动词,而不是分词:Je n'ai pas fini。这一位置是随后详述的否定公式的一部分。
5. Imparfait Conjugation Rule | 未完成过去时变位规则
The imparfait describes ongoing or habitual past states and actions. Its formation follows a single elegant procedure: take the first-person plural (nous) form of the present indicative, drop the -ons, and add the imparfait endings: -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient. This rule turns any verb into a stable stem, even for irregulars. For example, avoir → nous avons → stem av- → j'avais; être is the sole exception, using the stem ét- (j'étais).
未完成过去时描述过去持续或习惯性的状态和动作。其构成遵循一个优雅的单一程序:取直陈式现在时第一人称复数(nous)的形式,去掉 -ons,然后加上未完成过去时词尾:-ais、-ais、-ait、-ions、-iez、-aient。这条规则能将任何动词转化为一个稳定的词干,即使是不规则动词也如此。例如 avoir → nous avons → 词干 av- → j'avais;être 是唯一例外,使用词干 ét-(j'étais)。
The formula Nous present stem + imparfait ending ensures high accuracy. Once you master this theorem, you can generate forms like je faisais, tu allais, ils prenaient with ease, because you are always working from a known present indicative plateform.
公式 nous 现在时词干 + 未完成过去时词尾 能确保高准确度。一旦掌握这一定理,你就能轻松生成 je faisais, tu allais, ils prenaient 等形式,因为你总是在从一个已知的直陈式现在时平台出发。
6. Simple Future and Conditional Formulas | 简单将来时和条件式公式
The futur simple and the conditionnel présent are cousins that share the same stem construction. The future stem is generally the full infinitive (for -ER and -IR verbs; for -RE verbs the final -e is removed). A handful of common verbs have irregular future stems: être → ser-, avoir → aur-, faire → fer-, aller → ir-, pouvoir → pourr-, etc. To the stem, add the future endings: -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont. These endings are historically derived from the present tense of avoir.
简单将来时和条件式现在时是共享相同词干结构的表亲。将来时词干通常是完整的不定式(对于 -ER 和 -IR 动词;对于 -RE 动词则去掉末尾 -e)。少数常用动词具有不规则的将来时词干:être → ser-、avoir → aur-、faire → fer-、aller → ir-、pouvoir → pourr- 等等。在词干上加上将来时词尾:-ai、-as、-a、-ons、-ez、-ont。这些词尾历史上来源于 avoir 的现在时。
The conditionnel uses exactly the same stem but attaches the imparfait endings: -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient. Thus the formula pair is:
条件式使用完全相同的词干,但加上未完成过去时词尾:-ais、-ais、-ait、-ions、-iez、-aient。因此公式对是:
Future: Future stem + -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont
Conditional: Future stem + -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient
将来时:将来时词干 + -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont
条件式:将来时词干 + -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient
These two tenses are frequently tested in the context of hypothetical sentences (si clauses), where imperfect combines with conditional, and present with future.
这两种时态经常在假设句(si 从句)的语境中被考查,其中未完成过去时与条件式搭配,现在时与将来时搭配。
7. Present Subjunctive – Triggers and Formation | 现在虚拟式 – 触发条件和构成
The subjunctive mood expresses doubt, necessity, emotion or possibility, typically appearing in subordinate clauses introduced by que. The formula for the present subjunctive relies on the third-person plural (ils/elles) form of the present indicative: take that form, remove -ent, and add the subjunctive endings: -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent. This works for the vast majority of verbs, including many irregulars.
虚拟语气表达疑问、必要性、情感或可能性,通常出现在由 que 引导的从句中。现在虚拟式的公式依赖于直陈式现在时第三人称复数(ils/elles)的形式:取该形式,去掉 -ent,然后加上虚拟式词尾:-e、-es、-e、-ions、-iez、-ent。这适用于绝大多数动词,包括许多不规则动词。
However, a core set of common verbs have irregular subjunctive stems that must be memorised: être → soi- (je sois), avoir → ai- (j'aie), faire → fass- (je fasse), aller → aill- (j'aille), pouvoir → puiss- (je puisse), savoir → sach- (je sache). Triggers include expressions like il faut que, bien que, pour que, avant que, je ne crois pas que. The theorem is not just morphological but also contextual: a change of subject in the dependent clause typically triggers the subjunctive.
然而,有一组核心常用动词具有不规则的虚拟式词干,需要记忆:être → soi- (je sois), avoir → ai- (j'aie), faire → fass- (je fasse), aller → aill- (j'aille), pouvoir → puiss- (je puisse), savoir → sach- (je sache)。触发词包括 il faut que, bien que, pour que, avant que, je ne crois pas que 等。这一定理不仅是形态上的,也是语境上的:从句中主语的改变通常会触发虚拟式。
8. Imperative Mood Construction | 命令式构成
The imperative is used to give orders, advice or instructions. Its construction is straightforward: use the present-tense tu, nous and vous forms of the verb, but drop the subject pronoun. For -ER verbs (and aller), the final -s of the tu form is removed: tu parles → parle! For all other verbs, the tu form retains its -s: tu finis → finis!. The nous and vous forms remain identical to the present indicative without the pronoun: nous parlons → parlons!; vous parlez → parlez!.
命令式用来下达命令、建议或指示。其构成很简单:使用动词现在时 tu、nous 和 vous 的形式,但去掉主语代词。对于 -ER 动词(以及 aller),tu 形式末尾的 -s 要去掉:tu parles → parle!。对于所有其他动词,tu 形式保留其 -s:tu finis → finis!。nous 和 vous 形式与直陈式现在时去掉代词的形态完全一致:nous parlons → parlons!; vous parlez → parlez!。
This rule can be condensed into a simple instruction: Use present tu/nous/vous, delete subject, and for -ER tu drop the -s. Negative imperatives simply place ne...pas around the verb: Ne parle pas!. Reflexive imperatives move the reflexive pronoun after the verb with a hyphen in affirmative commands (Lève-toi!), but keep it before in negative commands (Ne te lève pas!).
这条规则可以浓缩为一个简单的指示:使用现在时 tu/nous/vous,删除主语,并且对于 -ER 的 tu 形式去掉 -s。否定命令式只需将 ne...pas 环绕动词:Ne parle pas!。自反动词的命令式在肯定命令中将自反代词放在动词后并用连字符连接(Lève-toi!),但在否定命令中则将其放在前面(Ne te lève pas!)。
9. Pronoun Placement Laws | 代词位置定律
Object pronouns, reflexive pronouns and adverbial pronouns y and en obey strict placement theorems depending on the mood and construction. In simple tenses (present, imperfect, future, conditional, subjunctive), pronouns are placed directly before the conjugated verb: Je le vois, Je ne le vois pas. In compound tenses (passé composé, plus-que-parfait), they precede the auxiliary: Je l'ai vu, Il ne m'a pas parlé.
宾语代词、自反代词以及副代词 y 和 en 遵守严格的放置定理,具体取决于语式和结构。在简单时态中(现在时、未完成过去时、将来时、条件式、虚拟式),代词直接放在变位动词前:Je le vois, Je ne le vois pas。在复合时态中(复合过去时、愈过去时),它们放在助动词前:Je l'ai vu, Il ne m'a pas parlé。
With an infinitive, pronouns generally precede the infinitive: Je veux le faire. In the affirmative imperative, however, pronouns follow the verb and are attached with hyphens, and the order shifts: Donne-le-moi!. The sequential formula for double object pronouns in non-imperative contexts is fixed: me/te/se/nous/vous → le/la/les → lui/leur → y → en. This chain ensures syntactic clarity.
与不定式连用时,代词通常放在不定式前:Je veux le faire。然而,在肯定命令式中,代词跟在动词后并用连字符连接,顺序也会改变:Donne-le-moi!。在非命令式语境中,双宾语代词的序列公式是固定的:me/te/se/nous/vous → le/la/les → lui/leur → y → en。这一链条保证了句法的清晰。
10. Negation Structure Formula | 否定结构公式
French negation typically uses the two-part negative adverb ne...pas, although pas can be replaced with other negative words like jamais, plus, rien, personne. The core theorem is: ne + conjugated verb + pas/second element. In compound tenses, ne and pas surround the auxiliary, not the past participle: Je n'ai pas compris. When two verbs appear (conjugated verb + infinitive), both parts of the negation embrace the conjugated verb: Je ne veux pas manger.
法语否定通常使用双部否定副词 ne...pas,不过 pas 可以被其他否定词如 jamais, plus, rien, personne 替代。核心定理是:ne + 变位动词 + pas/第二成分。在复合时态中,ne 和 pas 包围助动词,而非过去分词:Je n'ai pas compris。当出现两个动词(变位动词 + 不定式)时,否定的两个部分都包围变位动词:Je ne veux pas manger。
In the imperative, ne...pas still encloses the verb: Ne parle pas!. Note that ne becomes n' before a vowel or mute h. For literary or formal contexts, ne can stand alone with certain verbs (pouvoir, savoir, cesser, oser) to form the ne littéraire, but at AS level it is safe to focus on the complete negative structure.
在命令式中,ne...pas 仍然包围着动词:Ne parle pas!。注意 ne 在元音或哑音 h 前变为 n'。在文学或正式语境中,ne 可以与某些动词(pouvoir, savoir, cesser, oser)单独使用构成「ne littéraire」,但在 AS 阶段,聚焦于完整的否定结构即可。
11. Question Formation Patterns | 问句构成模式
WJEC AS French requires you to manipulate three standard question formulas. 1. Intonation: Simply raise your voice at the end of a declarative statement: Tu viens? This is the most common in informal speech. 2. Est-ce que: Place Est-ce que before the subject-verb group: Est-ce que tu viens? This formula works universally and avoids inversion. 3. Inversion: Swap the subject pronoun and verb, connected by a hyphen, and insert a -t- between vowels when necessary: Viens-tu? A-t-il fini?.
WJEC AS 法语要求掌握三种标准问句公式。1. 语调: 只需在陈述句末尾提高声调:Tu viens?。这在非正式口语中最常见。2. Est-ce que: 将 Est-ce que 放在主语-动词组之前:Est-ce que tu viens?。这个公式通用,避免了倒装。3. 倒装: 将主语代词与动词交换位置,用连字符连接,并在元音之间必要时插入
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