📚 AS WJEC Psychology: Key Terms & Memory Guide | AS WJEC 心理学：核心术语速记指南
Memorising psychological terminology can feel overwhelming, but a structured approach combined with clever mnemonics makes revision far more efficient. This guide breaks down the essential AS WJEC Psychology terms into manageable categories and offers memory strategies to help you recall them quickly in exams.
记忆心理学术语可能会让人感到不知所措，但有条理的方法再加上巧妙的助记符能让复习高效得多。本指南将 AS WJEC 心理学的核心术语划分成易于管理的类别，并提供记忆策略，帮助你在考试中快速回想。
1. Research Methods Fundamentals | 研究方法基础
Understanding basic research methods is essential for analysing any psychological study. These terms form the foundation of experimental design and data interpretation.
理解基本的研究方法对于分析任何心理学研究都至关重要。这些术语构成了实验设计和数据解释的基础。
Independent Variable (IV): The variable that the researcher deliberately manipulates or changes in an experiment. Think of it as the 'I change' variable.
自变量 (IV)：研究者有意操纵或改变的变量。可以把它想成“我改变的”变量。
Dependent Variable (DV): The outcome that is measured after changes to the IV. This is the data you collect; it 'depends' on the IV.
因变量 (DV)：在改变自变量后测量的结果。这就是你收集的数据，它“依赖”于自变量。
Control Condition: A baseline condition in which the IV is not manipulated, used for comparison with the experimental condition. Memory aid: 'constant copy' keeps everything standard.
控制条件：未操纵自变量时的基线状态，用于与实验条件进行比较。记忆口诀：“恒定副本”保持一切标准。
Extraneous Variables: Variables other than the IV that could affect the DV if not controlled. These are 'extra' things that might creep in.
额外变量：除自变量外可能影响因变量的变量，如果不加控制就会干扰结果。这些是可能悄悄混进来的“额外”因素。
Confounding Variable: A type of extraneous variable that changes systematically with the IV, making it difficult to determine the true cause. It confuses the results.
混淆变量：一种与自变量系统性地一起变化的额外变量，使得难以判断真正的因果关系。它会混淆结果。
Standardisation: Keeping the procedure, instructions, and environment the same for all participants to minimise extraneous variation. Mnemonic: 'same-stance' – everyone gets an identical experience.
标准化：让所有参与者的程序、指导语和环境保持一致，以尽量减少额外变异。助记：“相同姿态”——每个人都获得完全一样的体验。
2. Experimental Designs & Variables | 实验设计与变量
Choosing the right design is crucial for reducing bias and ensuring valid comparisons. Here are the main designs and related terms you must know for WJEC.
选择正确的设计对于减少偏差和确保有效比较至关重要。以下是你必须掌握的 WJEC 核心设计及相关术语。
Repeated Measures Design: The same participants take part in all conditions of the experiment. This controls for participant variables but can cause order effects. 'Repeat' means people do it again.
重复测量设计：同一组参与者参加实验的所有条件。这能控制参与者变量，但可能导致顺序效应。“重复”意味着人们要再做一遍。
Independent Groups Design: Different participants are used in each condition. This avoids order effects but risks participant variables. 'Independent' means the groups have no connection.
独立组设计：每个条件使用不同的参与者。这避免了顺序效应，但有参与者变量风险。“独立”意味着各组之间没有联系。
Matched Pairs Design: Participants are paired based on relevant characteristics (e.g. IQ, age), then each member of the pair is assigned to a different condition. It reduces participant variables without order effects.
匹配对设计：基于相关特征（如智商、年龄）将参与者配对，然后将每对中的两个人分到不同条件。它能减少参与者变量，且不会产生顺序效应。
Counterbalancing: A technique used in repeated measures to control for order effects by changing the order of conditions for different participants. E.g. half do A then B, half do B then A.
平衡法：用于重复测量设计中的一种技术，通过改变不同参与者接受条件的顺序来控制顺序效应。例如一半先做 A 后做 B，另一半先 B 后 A。
Order Effects: Improvements or declines in performance that result from the sequence of conditions, such as practice, fatigue, or boredom. To remember: 'ABC order' can cause practice or boredom.
顺序效应：由条件顺序引起的表现提高或下降，例如练习、疲劳或厌烦。可以用“ABC 顺序”会带来练习或厌烦来记忆。
Participant Variables: Individual differences among participants (e.g. age, intelligence, motivation) that could affect the DV. These are personal 'pre-existing' features.
参与者变量：参与者之间的个体差异（如年龄、智力、动机），可能影响因变量。这些都是个人“预先存在”的特点。
3. Descriptive Statistics & Data Analysis | 描述统计与数据分析
Descriptive statistics summarise data so psychologists can see patterns. You need to be able to define these measures and understand what they tell you about a data set.
描述统计能概括数据，使心理学家得以发现规律。你需要能定义这些度量指标，并理解它们能提供关于数据集什么信息。
Mean : The arithmetic average, calculated by adding all scores and dividing by the number of scores. Sensitive to extreme values. Formula: Mean = Σx / N
平均值：算术平均数，将所有分数相加再除以分数的个数。对极端值敏感。公式：平均值 = Σx / N
Median: The middle value when scores are arranged in order. It is unaffected by extreme scores and is the 'middle ground'. Use it when data are skewed.
中位数：将分数按顺序排列后位于中间的值。它不受极端分数影响，是“中间地带”。在数据偏态时使用。
Mode: The most frequently occurring score in a data set. It is the 'most' common and can be used with nominal data. A set can have more than one mode.
众数：数据集中出现频率最高的分数。它是“最”常见的值，可用于名义数据。一个数据集可以有多个众数。
Range is a quick measure of spread but is heavily affected by outliers. Range = highest − lowest
全距：最高分与最低分之间的差值。它能快速衡量离散程度，但易受异常值影响。全距 = 最高分 − 最低分
Standard Deviation (SD): A measure of the average distance of each score from the mean. A small SD means scores are clustered tightly; a large SD means they are spread out. It is the square root of the variance.
标准差 (SD)：衡量每个分数与平均值之间平均距离的指标。标准差小意味着分数紧密聚集；标准差大则表示分数分散。它是方差的平方根。
Normal Distribution: A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve where most scores cluster around the mean, and the percentage of scores falling within 1, 2, or 3 SDs from the mean is known. Memory tip: 'bell curves ring true' for many natural traits.
正态分布：一种对称的钟形曲线，大多数分数聚集在平均值附近，并且已知有多少百分比的分数落在距离平均值 1、2 或 3 个标准差的范围内。记忆提示：许多自然特征都呈现“钟形曲线”的形态。
4. Biological Psychology Core Terms | 生物心理学核心术语
Biological psychology explores the links between brain, body, and behaviour. These terms often appear in questions about brain function, neurochemistry, and scanning techniques.
生物心理学探究大脑、身体与行为之间的联系。这些术语常出现在关于脑功能、神经化学和扫描技术的问题中。
Neuron: A nerve cell that processes and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals. Think of it as the basic building block of the nervous system.
神经元：通过电信号和化学信号处理与传递信息的神经细胞。可把它想象成神经系统的基本积木。
Synapse: The tiny gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another, where neurotransmitters are released. 'Synaptic gap' is the communication junction.
突触：一个神经元轴突末梢与另一个神经元树突之间的微小间隙，神经递质在此释放。“突触间隙”就是通讯的连接点。
Neurotransmitter: A chemical messenger released at the synapse to transmit signals to the next neuron. Example: serotonin influences mood; dopamine is linked to reward.
神经递质：在突触处释放的化学信使，将信号传递给下一个神经元。例如：血清素影响情绪；多巴胺与奖赏有关。
Central Nervous System (CNS): Consists of the brain and spinal cord. It integrates information and coordinates body responses. 'Central' means the core command centre.
中枢神经系统 (CNS)：由脑和脊髓组成。它整合信息并协调身体反应。“中枢”意味着核心指挥中心。
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): All nerves outside the CNS, connecting the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs. 'Peripheral' means around the edges.
周围神经系统 (PNS)：中枢神经系统以外的所有神经，将脑和脊髓与肌肉和器官连接起来。“周围”就是在边缘的部分。
Amygdala: An almond-shaped structure in the limbic system involved in emotion, particularly fear and aggression. Mnemonic: 'Amy's angry amygdala' for aggression.
杏仁核：边缘系统中一个杏仁状的结构，参与情绪处理，特别是恐惧和攻击性。助记：“杏仁般的形状”与攻击性有关。
Hippocampus: Plays a key role in forming new memories and is part of the limbic system. If you forget your hippo on campus, you need memory!
海马体：在形成新记忆方面起着关键作用，也是边缘系统的一部分。想象一下：校园里的海马忘了事——需要记忆！
fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging): A scanning method that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. Active brain areas demand more oxygen, so fMRI can map functions non-invasively.
功能性磁共振成像 (fMRI)：一种通过检测血流变化来测量大脑活动的扫描方法。活跃的脑区需要更多氧气，因此 fMRI 能够无创地绘制脑功能区。
5. Cognitive Psychology Vocabulary | 认知心理学词汇
Cognitive psychology focuses on internal mental processes such as memory, attention, and thinking. You must be able to define each store and process in the multi-store model.
认知心理学关注记忆、注意和思维等内部心理过程。你必须能够定义多贮存模型中的各个存储和加工环节。
Sensory Memory: The initial, very brief store for sensory information (iconic for visual, echoic for auditory). Capacity is large but duration is only a fraction of a second.
感觉记忆：对感觉信息进行最初、极其短暂的存储（图像记忆为视觉，声像记忆为听觉）。容量很大，但持续时间仅几分之一秒。
Short-Term Memory (STM): A temporary store with limited capacity (7±2 items) and short duration (around 18– onds without rehearsal). Information here is fragile and can be lost through displacement.
短时记忆 (STM)：一个临时存储，容量有限（7±2 个组块），持续时间短（不进行复述时约 18–30 秒）。此处的信息很脆弱，可能因替代而丢失。
Long-Term Memory (LTM) des information mainly by meaning (semantic). Acronym: LTM = Lasting Treasure of Memories.
长时记忆 (LTM)：相对永久的存储，容量和持续时间潜在地无限。它主要按意义（语义）编码。助记：LTM 可想象为“持久的记忆宝藏”。
Multi-Store Model (MSM): The model proposing three separate memory stores (sensory, STM, LTM) through which information flows in a linear fashion, requiring attention and rehearsal to transfer information.
多贮存模型 (MSM)：该模型提出三个分离的记忆存储（感觉、短时、长时），信息以线性方式流动，需要注意和复述才能传输信息。
Working Memory: A more dynamic model of STM (Baddeley & Hitch) that includes the central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer. It emphasises active processing rather than passive storage.
工作记忆：一个更动态的短时记忆模型（Baddeley 和 Hitch 提出），包含中央执行器、语音环、视空间画板和情景缓冲器。它
Published by TutorHao | AS Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图