📚 AS WJEC Science: Quick Memorisation Guide for Key Terminology | AS WJEC 科学：关键术语速记指南
Mastering terminology is half the battle in WJEC AS Science. Without a confident grasp of key words like 'eukaryotic', 'electrolysis' or 'kinetic energy', exam answers quickly lose precision and marks. This guide breaks down high-frequency terms across biology, chemistry and physics, pairing each with a simple memory hook or root analysis so you can recall them faster and use them accurately under pressure.
在 WJEC AS 科学课程中，掌握术语是成功的一半。如果对“真核细胞”、“电解”或“动能”等关键词没有信心，考试答案很快就会失去精确性和分数。本指南拆解了生物、化学和物理学科中的高频术语，为每个术语搭配简单的记忆挂钩或词根分析，帮助你在压力下更快地回忆并准确使用它们。
1. Why Terminology Matters in AS Science | AS 科学中术语为何重要
Examiners reward precise scientific language. Writing 'movement of water across a partially permeable membrane' earns marks, while vague phrasing like 'water going into the cell' does not. In WJEC papers, a single command word such as 'explain' or 'describe' expects a specific term-rich answer structure.
考官看重精确的科学语言。写出“水通过部分透性膜的运动”能够得分，而“水进入细胞”这类模糊表达则不能。在 WJEC 试卷中，一个指令词如“解释”或“描述”就要求以特定术语丰富的回答结构来呈现。
2. General Memory Techniques for Scientific Words | 记忆科学词汇的通用技巧
Break words into roots: 'photo-' means light, 'hydro-' means water, 'lysis' means splitting. Once you know 'photolysis' is light-splitting (of water in photosynthesis), you will never confuse it with 'photosynthesis'. Also, connect terms to personal stories or weird images: imagine a 'catalyst' as a matchmaker that speeds up a relationship without changing itself.
把单词拆成词根：'photo-' 表示光，'hydro-' 表示水，'lysis' 表示分解。一旦你知道 'photolysis' 是光解（光合作用中水的分解），就不会把它与 'photosynthesis' 混淆。同时，把术语与个人故事或古怪图像联系起来：想象“催化剂”是一个媒人，能加速关系发展而自身不变。
Use the 'see it, say it, scribble it' method. Look at a term, say it aloud with its definition, then quickly sketch a mini diagram or write a one-sentence example. For instance, for 'homeostasis', draw a thermometer and a water droplet, whisper 'keeping internal environment stable', and note 'blood glucose regulation'.
使用“看、说、画”法。看着一个术语，大声说出它的定义，然后快速画出小图或写一个单句例子。例如，对“稳态”，画一支温度计和一滴水，轻声说“维持内环境稳定”，并注明“血糖调节”。
3. Biology: Cell Structure Terms | 生物学：细胞结构术语
Eukaryotic cell — cells with a true nucleus, like plant and animal cells. Memory trick: 'eu' sounds like 'you' — you have a nucleus in your cells.
真核细胞 — 具有真正细胞核的细胞，如植物和动物细胞。记忆技巧：'eu' 发音像 'you' — 你的细胞里有细胞核。
Prokaryotic cell — cells without a nucleus, such as bacteria. Think 'pro' = 'before' a nucleus evolved.
原核细胞 — 没有细胞核的细胞，如细菌。联想 'pro' 表示在细胞核进化之“前”。
Mitochondria — the powerhouse, site of aerobic respiration. Visualise a tiny 'mighty' engine burning glucose.
线粒体 — 能量工厂，有氧呼吸的场所。想象一个微小的“强大”引擎在燃烧葡萄糖。
Ribosome — protein synthesis factory, not bound by a membrane. Mnemonic: 'RIBO' sounds like 'ribbon of amino acids'.
核糖体 — 蛋白质合成工厂，没有膜包裹。助记：'RIBO' 听起来像氨基酸组成的“丝带”。
4. Biology: Transport and Enzyme Vocabulary | 生物学：运输与酶词汇
Diffusion — net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to low concentration, down a gradient. Link 'di-' to 'disperse' and 'fusion' to 'spread out'.
扩散 — 粒子从高浓度区域沿浓度梯度向低浓度区域的净移动。关联 'di-' 和 'disperse'（散开），'fusion'表示扩散。
Osmosis — specifically the diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane. Remember 'Osmosis' contains 'H₂O'? It's all about water.
渗透 — 专指水通过部分透性膜的扩散。记住 'Osmosis' 里藏着'H₂O'？核心就是水。
Active transport — movement against concentration gradient using energy (ATP). Think 'active' = needs energy, like a pump against the flow.
主动运输 — 利用能量（ATP）逆浓度梯度的运动。联想“主动”即需要能量，如同逆流而上的泵。
Denatured enzyme — the active site changes shape permanently, losing function. Picture a keyhole bent out of shape so the key no longer fits.
变性酶 — 活性位点永久变形而丧失功能。想象一个钥匙孔扭曲了，钥匙再也插不进去。
5. Chemistry: Atomic Structure and Bonding Terms | 化学：原子结构与键合术语
Isotope — atoms of same element with different numbers of neutrons. 'Iso-' = same, 'tope' = place (same place on periodic table).
同位素 — 质子数相同而中子数不同的同一元素原子。'Iso-' 表示相同，'tope' 指位置（周期表中同一位置）。
Ionic bond — electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. Think 'I own an electron' (ion) and opposites attract.
离子键 — 带相反电荷离子间的静电吸引力。联想“我拥有电子（I own = ion）”，异性相吸。
Covalent bond — shared pair of electrons. 'Co-' means together, 'valent' relates to valence electrons sharing.
共价键 — 共用电子对。'Co-' 表示共同，'valent' 与价电子共享有关。
Electronegativity — ability of an atom to attract bonding electrons. Imagine a greedy atom 'electro-negative' pulling electrons towards itself.
电负性 — 一个原子吸引键合电子的能力。想象一个贪婪的“负电”原子把电子拽向自己。
6. Chemistry: Quantitative and Reaction Terms | 化学：定量与反应术语
Mole — t of substance containing 6.02 × 10²³ particles. Visual: a huge bag of 6.02 × 10²³ marbles — that's one mole.
摩尔 — 含有 6.02 × 10²³ 个粒子的物质的量。视觉：一大袋 6.02 × 10²³ 颗弹珠 — 这就是一摩尔。
Electrolysis — splitting using electricity. 'Electro-' = electricity, 'lysis' = splitting. Decompose ionic compounds with a direct current.
电解 — 用电分解。'Electro-' 表示电，'lysis' 表示分解，即用直流电分解离子化合物。
Titration — technique to find concentration by neutralisation. Recall 'titrate' sounds like 'tight-rate', a careful drop-by-drop addition.
滴定 — 通过中和反应求浓度的技术。回忆 'titrate' 听起来像 ‘tight-rate’，小心地逐滴加入。
Activation energy — minimum energy for a collision to cause a reaction. Imagine a hill: reactants need energy to climb over the top to become products.
活化能 — 碰撞能引发反应所需的最低能量。想象一座小山：反应物需要能量翻过山顶才能变成生成物。
7. Physics: Force and Motion Terms | 物理学：力与运动术语
Velocity — speed in a given direction, a vector quantity. Think 'velocity has a V-direction arrow', while speed is just how fast.
速度 — 给定方向上的速率，矢量。思考 'velocity' 带有方向箭头，而速率只表示快慢。
Acceleration — rate of change of velocity. Link 'accelerate' to gas pedal: change in speed or direction.
加速度 — 速度的变化率。关联油门踏板：速度或方向的改变。
Momentum — product of mass and velocity (p = mv). Imagine a heavy bowling ball rolling: lots of 'momentum' — hard to stop.
动量 — 质量与速度的乘积 (p = mv)。想象一个沉重的保龄球滚动：动量很大，很难停止。
Resultant force — overall force acting on an object. Use parallelogram of forces. Memory: 'resultant' is the 'result of all forces combined'.
合力 — 作用在物体上的总力。使用平行四边形法则。记忆：'resultant' 就是所有力的“总结果”。
8. Physics: Energy and Electricity Terms | 物理学：能量与电学术语
Kinetic energy — energy of a moving object, KE = ½mv². 'Kinetic' comes from Greek 'kinesis' meaning movement, like cinema (moving pictures).
动能 — 运动物体的能量，KE = ½mv²。'Kinetic' 源自希腊语 'kinesis'（运动），像电影（移动影像）。
Potential difference — energy transferred per unit charge, measured in volts. Think of it as 'electrical pressure' pushing charge around a circuit.
电势差 — 每单位电荷转移的能量，以伏特为单位。想象成推动电荷在电路中流动的“电压”。
Resistance — opposition to current flow, R = V/I. Picture a narrow pipe resisting water flow.
电阻 — 对电流流动的阻碍，R = V/I。想象一条狭窄的水管阻碍水流。
Power — rate of energy transfer, P = IV. 'Powerful' machines transfer lots of energy each second.
功率 — 能量转移的速率，P = IV。“强大的”机器每秒转移大量能量。
9. Tricky Confusing Term Pairs | 易混淆术语对
Accuracy vs Precision — s to the true value; precision is how close repeated measurements are to each other. Think 'Accurate = Actual', 'Precision = Pattern'.
准确度与精密度 — 准确度是结果与真值的接近程度；精密度是重复测量值彼此的接近程度。联想“准确 = 真实”，“精密 = 模式”。
Mass vs Weight — Mass is amount of matter (kg), weight is gravitational force (N). On the Moon, mass stays same, weight changes.
质量与重量 — 质量是物质的量（kg），重量是引力作用（N）。在月球上，质量不变，重量改变。
Endothermic vs Exothermic — Endo = enter (absorbs heat), Exo = exit (releases heat). 'Endo' sounds like 'in-doors', heat goes in.
吸热与放热 — 'Endo' 表示进入（吸热），'Exo' 表示出去（放热）。'Endo' 听上去像 'in-doors'，热量进去。
10. Acronyms and Quick Mnemonics | 首字母缩略词与快速助记符
Create your own. For the biology heart structure: VAC (Vein, Atrium, Ventricle, Artery) — 'Very Awesome Cycle'. For reactivity series: 'Please Stop Calling Me A Cute Zebra' for potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, carbon, zinc, etc.
创建你自己的。对于生物心脏结构：VAC（静脉、心房、心室、动脉）— 'Very Awesome Cycle'。对于金属活动性顺序：'Please Stop Calling Me A Cute Zebra' 对应钾、钠、钙、镁、铝、碳、锌等。
For WJEC required practicals, use the four-letter group 'IVEY' — Independent variable, Variable you control, Equipment list and Y-axis (what you measure). It helps structure your plan.
对于 WJEC 要求的实验，使用四字母组合 'IVEY' — 自变量（Independent variable）、控制的变量（Variable you control）、设备清单（Equipment list）和 Y 轴所测内容（Y-axis）。这有助于构建实验计划。
11. Visual Terminology Diagrams | 可视化术语图表
Draw quick labelled sketches. For 'global warming', sketch CO₂ and CH₄ trapping heat. For 'electrolysis of brine', draw anode chlorine bubbles, cathode hydrogen, left sodium hydroxide. The act of drawing locks terms into long-term memory.
画出带标签的速写。对于“全球变暖”，画出 CO₂ 和 CH₄ 捕获热量。对于“盐水电解”，画出阳极氯气泡、阴极氢气、留下的氢氧化钠。绘图动作能将术语锁定在长期记忆中。
Use colour coding: green for biology processes (photosynthesis), blue for energy terms (kinetic, potential), red for chemistry hazards (corrosive). This visual cue triggers the correct paper and context.
使用颜色编码：绿色表示生物过程（光合作用），蓝色表示能量术语（动能、势能），红色表示化学危险（腐蚀性）。这种视觉线索能触发正确的试卷和情境。
12. Final-Day Revision Drill | 考前最后冲刺
Write a one-sentence definition for each term without books. Check against the WJEC glossary. If you hesitate on a term for more than 3 seconds, put it on a flashcard pile and revisit. Sleep is critical — term recall improves by 20% after a full night's rest.
不看课本，为每个术语写一句话定义，对照 WJEC 词汇表检查。如果对某个术语犹豫超过 3 秒，就放入抽认卡堆中反复复习。睡眠至关重要——充分休息后术语回忆率可提高 20%。
Do a 'term bingo' with a friend: randomise 25 terms, and the first to correctly define five in a row wins. This adds fun and social pressure, mimicking exam conditions.
与朋友玩“术语宾果”：随机 25 个术语，最先正确连续定义五个者胜。这增添了乐趣和社交压力，模拟考试情境。
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