📚 AS WJEC Biology: Vocabulary Terminology Quick Memorization Guide | AS WJEC 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of biology is the first step towards excelling in your AS WJEC examination. This guide breaks down essential terminology into manageable chunks, using word roots, analogies, and simple memory hooks to help you retain and recall key terms with confidence. Each section pairs the English term with its Chinese equivalent and a clear, exam-focused definition, followed by a quick memorisation tip.
掌握生物学的语言是在 AS WJEC 考试中取得优异成绩的第一步。本指南将基本术语分解为易于记忆的模块，利用词根、类比和简单的记忆线索，帮助你自信地记住和回忆关键术语。每个部分都将英文术语与其中文对应词以及清晰、以考试为导向的定义配对，并附上快速记忆技巧。
1. Cell Structure Essentials | 细胞结构要点
The term 'organelle' derives from the idea of a 'little organ', each performing a specific function within the cell. The nucleus (plural nuclei) houses DNA, while mitochondria (singular mitochondrion) are the sites of aerobic respiration. Ribosomes, composed of rRNA and protein, are the cell's protein factories, and the Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins into vesicles for transport.
术语 'organelle'（细胞器）源于“小器官”的概念，每一个都在细胞内执行特定功能。细胞核 (nucleus) 储存 DNA，而线粒体 (mitochondria) 是有氧呼吸的场所。核糖体 (ribosomes) 由 rRNA 和蛋白质组成，是细胞的蛋白质工厂，高尔基体 (Golgi apparatus) 则修饰蛋白质并将其包装在囊泡中进行运输。
A quick way to remember mitochondrion is 'mighty-chondrion' – it is the powerhouse. For ribosome, picture 'ribo' like ribs on a barbecue, grilling up proteins. Palisade mesophyll cells, elongated and packed with chloroplasts, can be recalled by linking 'palisade' to a row of tall, parallel palisades in a fence, perfectly adapted for absorbing light.
一个快速记忆线粒体的方法是把它想象成 'mighty-chondrion' —— 它是能量工厂。对于核糖体，可以把 'ribo' 想象成烧烤架上的肋骨，正在烤制蛋白质。栅栏叶肉细胞 (palisade mesophyll cells) 细长并充满叶绿体，可以通过将 'palisade' 联想到围栏中一排排高大平行的栅栏来记忆，非常适合吸收光能。
- Eukaryote – true nucleus (eu = true, karyon = kernel/nucleus) 真核生物
- Prokaryote – before nucleus (pro = before) 原核生物
- Lysosome – lyso = loosen/dissolve + some = body, suicide bag 溶酶体
- Cytoskeleton – cell skeleton 细胞骨架
2. Biochemical Building Blocks | 生物化学构件
Monomers and polymers form the basis of macromolecules. A nucleotide, the monomer of nucleic acids, consists of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Recall that 'mono' means one and 'poly' means many. The polysaccharides starch and glycogen are both made of alpha-glucose; the easy way to distinguish them is that glycogen is the animal version, highly branched, while starch is the plant storage form, found as amylose and amylopectin.
单体 (monomer) 和聚合物 (polymer) 构成了大分子的基础。核苷酸 (nucleotide) 是核酸的单体，由戊糖、磷酸基团和含氮碱基组成。记住 'mono' 意为一个，'poly' 意为多个。多糖淀粉 (starch) 和糖原 (glycogen) 都由 α-葡萄糖构成；区分它们的简单方法是：糖原是动物版本，高度分支，而淀粉是植物的储存形式，以直链淀粉 (amylose) 和支链淀粉 (amylopectin) 存在。
The term 'triglyceride' ide from glycerol. It is composed of one glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids. In the formation of a peptide bond, a water molecule is removed; this is a condensation reaction. The reverse, hydrolysis, sees water used to break bonds – think 'hydro' water, 'lysis' splitting.
'triglyceride'（甘油三酯）一词可分解为 tri = 三，glyceride 来自甘油 (glycerol)。它由一个甘油分子与三个脂肪酸分子结合而成。在肽键 (peptide bond) 形成过程中，会脱去一个水分子；这是一种缩合反应 (condensation reaction)。反过来，水解 (hydrolysis) 用水来断裂化学键——想想 'hydro' 水，'lysis' 分裂。
| Monomer | Polymer | Bond |
| Monosaccharide 单糖 | Polysaccharide 多糖 | Glycosidic 糖苷键 |
| Amino acid 氨基酸 | Polypeptide / protein 多肽/蛋白质 | Peptide 肽键 |
| Nucleotide 核苷酸 | Nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) 核酸 | Phosphodiester 磷酸二酯键 |
3. Enzyme Terminology | 酶术语
The active site is the region on an enzyme where the substrate binds. The 'lock and key' model suggests a perfect fit, while the 'induced fit' model describes the active site moulding around the substrate. Vₘₐₓ is the maximum rate of reaction when all enzyme active sites are saturated with substrate. Inhibition can be competitive, where the inhibitor resembles the substrate and competes for the active site, or non-competitive, where the inhibitor binds elsewhere and alters the shape of the active site.
活性位点 (active site) 是酶上底物结合的区域。“锁与钥匙”模型 (lock and key) 表明完美匹配，而“诱导契合”模型 (induced fit) 描述了活性位点围绕底物塑形的过程。Vₘₐₓ 是所有酶活性位点都被底物饱和时的最大反应速率。抑制作用可以是竞争性 (competitive) 的，抑制剂与底物相似并竞争活性位点；也可以是非竞争性 (non-competitive) 的，抑制剂结合在别处并改变活性位点的形状。
Immobilised enzymes are attached to an inert material, making them reusable and more stable. The turnover number is the number of substrate molecules one enzyme molecule can convert per second. A cofactor is a non-protein helper, such as a metal ion or a coenzyme like NAD⁺. To memorise 'coenzyme', think of a 'companion enzyme' that carries electrons or chemical groups.
固定化酶 (immobilised enzyme) 附着在惰性材料上，使其可重复使用且更稳定。转换数 (turnover number) 是一个酶分子每秒能转化的底物分子数。辅因子 (cofactor) 是非蛋白质辅助物，例如金属离子或辅酶 (coenzyme) 如 NAD⁺。要记住 'coenzyme'，可以联想到“伴侣酶”，它携带电子或化学基团。
4. Membrane Transport Mechanisms | 膜运输机制
Phospholipids arrange themselves as a bilayer due to their hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. The fluid mosaic model describes the membrane as a flexible sea of lipids with proteins floating like icebergs. Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration, while osmosis specifically refers to the movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential.
磷脂 (phospholipid) 由于其亲水头部和疏水尾部而排列成双分子层。流动镶嵌模型 (fluid mosaic model) 将膜描述为流动的脂质海洋，蛋白质如同冰山般漂浮其中。扩散 (diffusion) 是粒子从高浓度向低浓度的净移动，而渗透 (osmosis) 特指水通过部分透性膜从水势较高的区域向水势较低的区域移动。
ssic example, exporting three Na⁺ and importing two K⁺ in each cycle. Endocytosis and exocytosis are bulk transport processes; 'endo' means into (think Enter) and 'exo' means out (think Exit). To recall 'phagocytosis', remember 'phago' = eating, like a macrophage engulfing a pathogen.
主动运输 (active transport) 需要 ATP 形式的能量，并逆浓度梯度移动物质。钠钾泵 (sodium-potassium pump) 是一个经典例子，每个循环输出三个 Na⁺ 并输入两个 K⁺。胞吞 (endocytosis) 和胞吐 (exocytosis) 是批量运输过程；'endo' 意为入（想想 Enter），'exo' 意为出（想想 Exit）。要记住 'phagocytosis'，联想 'phago' = 吃，就像巨噬细胞吞噬病原体一样。
5. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis | 核酸与蛋白质合成
provides structural support, while hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs (A=T, C≡ late, catalysed by RNA polymerase. Translation occurs at ribosomes, where tRNA molecules carry specific amino acids and recognise codons on the mRNA via their anticodons.
DNA 是由两条反平行链组成的双螺旋。糖-磷酸骨架提供结构支撑，而互补碱基对 (A=T, C≡G) 之间的氢键将两条链连接在一起。RNA 是单链，含有尿嘧啶 (uracil) 而非胸腺嘧啶 (thymine)。转录 (transcription) 是以 DNA 为模板合成 mRNA，由 RNA 聚合酶催化。翻译 (translation) 在核糖体上进行，tRNA 分子携带特定氨基酸，并通过其反密码子 (anticodon) 识别 mRNA 上的密码子 (codon)。
A handy memory device: 'AT the Grand Canyon' for A=T and C≡ has three hydrogen bonds, making it stronger. For protein synthesis, remember the sequence 'DNA → RNA → protein' as the central dogma. The words 'transcribe' means to write across (copy), and 'translate' means to change the language (from nucleotide sequence to amino acid sequence).
一个便捷的记忆方法是：'AT the Grand Canyon' 代表 A=T 和 C≡G，提醒你 C-G 之间有三个氢键，结合更牢固。对于蛋白质合成，记住“DNA → RNA → 蛋白质”这一中心法则。单词 'transcribe' 意为誊写（复制），而 'translate' 意为转换语言（从核苷酸序列转换为氨基酸序列）。
6. Cell Cycle and Division | 细胞周期与分裂
Interphase is the non-dividing phase where the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for division. Mitosis is the division of the nucleus, producing two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The stages – prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (PMAT) – can be remembered with 'Please Make A Taco'. Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm. Meiosis produces four non-identical haploid gametes and involves two divisions, introducing genetic variation through crossing over and independent assortment.
间期 (interphase) 是细胞不分裂的阶段，细胞在此生长、复制 DNA 并为分裂做准备。有丝分裂 (mitosis) 是细胞核的分裂，产生两个遗传上相同的子细胞核。其阶段——前期 (prophase)、中期 (metaphase)、后期 (anaphase)、末期 (telophase) (PMAT)——可以用 'Please Make A Taco' 来记忆。胞质分裂 (cytokinesis) 是细胞质的分裂。减数分裂 (meiosis) 产生四个遗传上不同的单倍体配子，并包含两次分裂，通过交叉 (crossing over) 和独立分配 (independent assortment) 引入遗传变异。
To avoid confusing mitosis and meiosis, note that 'mitosis makes my toes' – it's for growth and repair, producing identical cells. 'Meiosis makes me' – it makes sex cells. The terms diploid (2n) and haploid (n) refer to the number of chromosome sets. A bivalent is a pair of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis, and chiasmata are the points where crossing over occurs.
为避免混淆有丝分裂和减数分裂，注意 'mitosis makes my toes' —— 它用于生长和修复，产生相同细胞。'Meiosis makes me' —— 它制造性细胞。二倍体 (diploid, 2n) 和单倍体 (haploid, n) 指染色体组的数目。二价体 (bivalent) 是减数分裂前期 I 中的一对同源染色体，而交叉 (chiasmata) 是发生交叉的位置。
7. Genetics and Inheritance | 遗传与继承
A gene is a sequence of DNA that codes for a polypeptide. An allele is an alternative version of a gene. The genotype is the genetic makeup, while the phenotype is the observable characteristic. When an individual has two identical alleles for a trait, they are homozygous; two different alleles, heterozygous. Codominance means both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype, as seen in the AB blood type. Sex-linkage refers to genes located on the sex chromosomes, often the X chromosome.
基因 (gene) 是编码多肽的 DNA 序列。等位基因 (allele) 是基因的替代版本。基因型 (genotype) 是遗传组成，而表型 (phenotype) 是可观察的特征。当个体对于一个性状有两个相同的等位基因时，是纯合子 (homozygous)；两个不同的则是杂合子 (heterozygous)。共显性 (codominance) 意味着两个等位基因在表型中均等表达，如 AB 血型所示。性连锁 (sex-linkage) 指位于性染色体（通常是 X 染色体）上的基因。
Use the 'genotype gives the instructions, phenotype is the physical product' k. trick. For monohybrid crosses, a Punnett square helps visualise the offspring ratios. The term 'epistasis' ibes a gene at one locus masking the effect of a gene at another locus. Remember the ABO blood group system: the Iᴬ and Iᴮ alleles are codominant, and both are dominant to the i allele.
运用“基因型给出指令，表型是物理产品”的技巧。对于单基因杂交，庞纳特方格 (Punnett square) 有助于可视化子代比例。术语 'epistasis' (上位效应, epi = 在…之上, stasis = 站立) 描述了一个位点的基因掩盖另一位点基因的效应。记住 ABO 血型系统：Iᴬ 和 Iᴮ 等位基因是共显性的，且都对 i 等位基因显性。
8. Evolutionary Concepts | 进化概念
Natural selection is the mechanism by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce, passing on advantageous alleles. The phrase 'survival of the fittest' refers to differential reproductive success. Adaptive radiation is the rapid diversification of a single ancestral line into many forms to occupy different niches. Speciation is the formation of a new species, often due to geographic isolation (allopatric speciation) or reproductive isolation (sympatric speciation).
自然选择 (natural selection) 是更好地适应环境的生物体倾向于生存和繁殖，并将有利等位基因传递下去的机制。'适者生存' (survival of the fittest) 指的是差异繁殖成功率。适应辐射 (adaptive radiation) 是单一祖先谱系快速多样化形成多种形态以占据不同生态位的过程。物种形成 (speciation) 是新物种的形成，通常由于地理隔离 (异域物种形成, allopatric speciation) 或生殖隔离 (同域物种形成, sympatric speciation)。
Recall that a population is the basic unit of evolution, not the individual. The term 'gene pool' encompasses all alleles in a population. The Hardy–Weinberg principle states that allele frequencies remain constant if no evolutionary influences act. Genetically based variation arises from mutation, meiosis (crossing over and independent assortment), and random fertilisation.
记住，种群 (population) 是进化的基本单位，而非个体。术语 'gene pool' (基因库) 包含一个种群中的所有等位基因。哈迪-温伯格平衡 (Hardy–Weinberg principle) 指出，如果没有进化影响，等位基因频率将保持恒定。遗传变异来源于突变、减数分裂（交叉和独立分配）以及随机受精。
9. Gas Exchange and Transport | 气体交换与运输
Gas exchange surfaces must be thin, moist, and have a large surface area to volume ratio. In mammals, alveoli provide a huge surface area and are well supplied with blood capillaries. Ventilation is the movement of air into and out of the lungs, driven by pressure changes caused by the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. Haemoglobin is a globular protein with a quaternary structure that carries oxygen; each molecule can bind up to four O₂ molecules. The Bohr effect describes the shift in the oxygen dissociation curve due to increased CO₂ concentration, lowering the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen.
气体交换表面必须薄、湿润，并具有大的表面积与体积比。在哺乳动物中，肺泡 (alveoli) 提供了巨大的表面积，并富含毛细血管。通气 (ventilation) 是空气进出肺部的运动，由膈肌和肋间肌引起的压力变化驱动。血红蛋白 (haemoglobin) 是具有四级结构的球状蛋白，携带氧气；每个分子最多可结合四个 O₂ 分子。波尔效应 (Bohr effect) 描述了由于 CO₂ 浓度升高导致氧解离曲线偏移，降低血红蛋白对氧的亲和力。
For the circulatory system, remember: arteries carry blood Away from the heart (both start with 'A'); veins carry blood towards the heart. Capillaries are where exchange occurs. The cardiac cycle includes atrial systole, ventricular systole, and diastole. The sinoatrial node (SAN) is the pacemaker. Lymphatic capillaries collect excess tissue fluid and return it to the blood.
对于循环系统，记住：动脉 (artery) 将血液带离 (Away) 心脏（都以 'A' 开头）；静脉 (vein) 将血液带回心脏。毛细血管 (capillary) 是物质交换的场所。心动周期包括心房收缩期、心室收缩期和舒张期。窦房结 (SAN) 是起搏器。淋巴毛细管收集多余的组织液并将其返回血液。
10. Plant Transport and Adaptations | 植物运输与适应
In plants, xylem transports water and mineral ions from the roots upwards, while phloem transports dissolved assimilates, primarily sucrose, from sources to sinks. Xylem vessels are dead, hollow tubes strengthened with lignin, which can be remembered as 'xylem xylophone – hard and dead'. Phloem sieve tubes are living cells with companion cells that provide ATP for active transport. The cohesion-tension theory explains water movement in the xylem: water molecules cohere to each other and adhere to the xylem walls, pulling a continuous column under tension generated by transpiration.
在植物中，木质部 (xylem) 将水和矿物质离子从根部向上运输，而韧皮部 (phloem) 将溶解的同化物（主要是蔗糖）从源运输到库。木质部导管是死去的空心管，由木质素增强，可记忆为 'xylem xylophone – 硬而死'。韧皮部筛管是活细胞，伴有为主动运输提供 ATP 的伴胞 (companion cell)。内聚力-张力理论 (cohesion-tension theory) 解释了木质部中的水分运动：水分子彼此内聚，并与木质部壁黏附，在蒸腾作用产生的拉力下牵引连续水柱。
Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from leaves, and factors affecting it include light intensity, temperature, humidity, and wind. Xerophytes are plants adapted to dry conditions, often with sunken stomata, thick cuticles, and rolled leaves. Halophytes tolerate salty soils. Hydrophytes live in water and have adaptations such as aerenchyma for buoyancy and gas exchange.
蒸腾作用 (transpiration) 是叶片散失水蒸气的过程，影响它的因素包括光照强度、温度、湿度和风。旱生植物 (xerophyte) 是适应干燥条件的植物，通常具有凹陷的气孔、厚角质层和卷曲的叶片。盐生植物 (halophyte) 耐受盐碱土壤。水生植物 (hydrophyte) 生活在水中，具有通气组织 (aerenchyma) 等适应浮力和气体交换的特征。
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