📚 AS CIE Biology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorization Guide | AS CIE 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the vast vocabulary of CIE AS Biology is often the first hurdle students face. From "mitochondrion" to "transpiration", terms are not just words — they unlock the underlying concepts. This guide provides fast and effective memory techniques, including prefix breakdowns, visual associations, and comparison tables, to help you retain and use these terms accurately in exams.
掌握 CIE AS 生物庞大词汇是学生面临的第一道坎。从线粒体到蒸腾作用，术语不仅仅是词语——它们解锁了背后的概念。本指南提供快速有效的记忆技巧，包括词缀分解、视觉联想和对比表格，帮助你在考试中准确记忆和使用这些术语。
1. Decoding Prefixes and Suffixes | 解码前缀与后缀
Many AS Biology terms are built from a handful of Greek and Latin roots. Once you learn these recurring pieces, you can often guess the meaning of an unfamiliar word. The table below assembles the most helpful prefixes and suffixes with memory shortcuts.
许多 AS 生物术语是由少量希腊语和拉丁词根构成的。一旦学会这些重复出现的构件，你常常能猜出不熟悉词汇的含义。下表汇集了最有用的前后缀，并配上了记忆捷径。
| Prefix/Suffix | English Meaning | 中文含义 | Example Term | 中文示例 | Memory Tip |
| cyto- | cell | 细胞 | cytoplasm | 细胞质 | Think "cell-to" — cyto goes to cell. |
| hyper- | above, excessive | 超过,过度 | hypertonic | 高渗的 | "Hyper" sounds like "high per" — a hyperactive child has excessive energy. |
| hypo- | below, deficient | 低于,不足 | hypotonic | 低渗的 | "Hypo" rhymes with "low" — imagine a hippo feeling low on energy. |
| -ase | enzyme | 酶 | amylase | 淀粉酶 | Enzyme names "ace" the suffix -ase. |
| -ose | sugar | 糖 | glucose | 葡萄糖 | Sugars "pose" with -ose: glucose, sucrose, fructose. |
| photo- | light | 光 | photosynthesis | 光合作用 | Photo = photograph, both require light. |
| endo- | inside | 内 | endocytosis | 胞吞 | Endo- = enter; the cell brings materials inside. |
| exo- | outside | 外 | exocytosis | 胞吐 | Exo- = exit; materials leave the cell. |
| -lysis | splitting | 分解 | hydrolysis | 水解 | "Lysis" sounds like "slice is" — splitting a molecule. |
| -synthesis | building up | 合成 | protein synthesis | 蛋白质合成 | Synthesis = putting together, think "synthetic". |
| mono- / di- / poly- | one / two / many | 一 / 二 / 多 | monosaccharide / disaccharide / polysaccharide | 单糖 / 二糖 / 多糖 | Mono = one (monorail), di = double, poly = many (polygon). |
| thermo- | heat | 热 | thermoregulation | 体温调节 | Thermometer uses the same root. |
A quick application: "hydrolysis" (hydro- water, -lysis splitting) clearly means "splitting with water", exactly how a disaccharide is broken down into monosaccharides. Recognizing this pattern turns intimidating words into simple logic.
快速应用一下："hydrolysis"（hydro- 水，-lysis 分解）清楚地意味着“用水分解”，正是二糖被分解为单糖的方式。识别这种模式能将吓人的词汇变成简单的逻辑。
2. Cell Structure and Function Terms | 细胞结构与功能术语
The ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells is packed with organelles whose names often carry a story. Learning the etymology and a distinctive feature for each will anchor the term in your memory.
真核细胞的超微结构充满了细胞器，它们的名称往往带有故事。学习每个词的词源和一个显著特征将把这个术语锚定在你的记忆中。
Nucleus: The membrane-bound organelle containing genetic material (DNA). "Nucle-" means kernel or center, just as it is the control centre of the cell.
细胞核：含有遗传物质(DNA)的膜包被细胞器。“Nucle-”意为核或中心，正如它是细胞的控制中心。
Mitochondrion (plural mitochondria): The site of aerobic respiration where ATP is produced. "Mito-" (thread) and "chondrion" (granule) describe its thread-like granular appearance under early microscopes. Think of it as the "mighty" power factory.
线粒体：有氧呼吸的场所，生产ATP。“Mito-”（线）和“chondrion”（颗粒）描述了它在早期显微镜下的线状颗粒外形。可想象为“强大的能量工厂”。
Chloroplast: Found in plant cells, it carries out photosynthesis. "Chloro-" (green) and "-plast" (formed body) hints at its green structures containing chlorophyll.
叶绿体：存在于植物细胞中，进行光合作用。“Chloro-”（绿）和“-plast”（成形体）暗示其含有叶绿素的绿色结构。
Ribosome: The protein synthesis machinery, composed of rRNA and proteins. "Ribo-" refers to ribonucleic acid. These tiny organelles float free or attach to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
核糖体：蛋白质合成的机器，由rRNA和蛋白质组成。“Ribo-”指核糖核酸。这些微小的细胞器游离或附着在粗面内质网上。
Golgi apparatus: A stack of flattened membrane sacs that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion. Remember Camillo Golgi who discovered it — a "post office" inside the cell.
高尔基体：一叠扁平膜囊，负责修饰、分拣和包装将要分泌的蛋白质。记住它的发现者Camillo Golgi——细胞内的“邮局”。
Lysosome embranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that digests worn-out organelles or ingested material. "Lyso-" (dissolution) + "-some" (body) = a body that dissolves.
溶酶体：含有水解酶的膜囊，能消化老废细胞器或摄入的物质。“Lyso-”（溶解）+“-some”（体）= 溶解体。
Vacuole: A large, central fluid-filled sac in plant cells, providing turgor pressure. "Vacu-" means empty — but it is far from empty, storing water, ions, and pigments.
液泡：植物细胞中一个中央充满液体的大囊泡，提供膨压。“Vacu-”意为空——但它远非空无一物，储存水、离子和色素。
3. Biomolecules and Enzyme Terminology | 生物分子与酶术语
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and enzymes each have their own sub-vocabulary. The key is to link structural terms to functional roles, and exploit the -ose/-ase pattern.
碳水化合物、脂质、蛋白质和酶各自拥有子词汇。关键是将结构术语与功能角色相联系，并利用好-ose/-ase模式。
Monosaccharide: The simplest sugar unit, e.g., glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆). "Mono-" one, "saccharide" sugar. Monosaccharides are the monomers of carbohydrates.
单糖：最简单的糖单位，如葡萄糖(C₆H₁₂O₆)。“Mono-”一，“saccharide”糖。单糖是碳水化合物的单体。
Disaccharide: Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond, e.g., maltose (glucose+glucose). Remember "di-" double sugar.
二糖：由两个单糖通过糖苷键连接而成，如麦芽糖（葡萄糖+葡萄糖）。记住“di-”双糖。
Polysaccharide: A polymer of many monosaccharides, e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose. "Poly-" many. Starch is a plant energy store, glycogen in animals, and cellulose is a structural polysaccharide in cell walls.
多糖：由许多单糖组成的聚合物，如淀粉、糖原、纤维素。“Poly-”多。淀粉是植物储能物质，糖原见于动物，纤维素是细胞壁的结构多糖。
Triglyceride: A lipid composed of one glycerol molecule esterified to three fatty acid tails. "Tri-" three, "glyceride" from glycerol. The main component of fat storage.
甘油三酯：由一个甘油分子与三个脂肪酸尾部酯化而成的脂质。“Tri-”三，“glyceride”源自甘油。脂肪储存的主要成分。
Phospholipid: A lipid with two fatty acids, a glycerol, and a phosphate group. The phosphate head is hydrophilic, the tails hydrophobic — the basis of cell membrane formation.
磷脂：含有两个脂肪酸、一个甘油和一个磷酸基团的脂质。磷酸头亲水，尾部疏水——这是细胞膜形成的基础。
Active site: The specific region of an enzyme where the substrate binds. The lock-and-key or induced-fit model describes this interaction. Complementarity in shape and charge is essential.
活性位点：酶上底物结合的特异区域。锁钥模型或诱导契合模型描述了这种相互作用。形状和电荷的互补至关重要。
Activation energy (Eₐ): The minimum energy required to start a reaction. Enzymes lower Eₐ, speeding up reactions without being consumed.
活化能(Eₐ)：启动反应所需的最低能量。酶降低活化能，加快反应而自身不被消耗。
Competitive inhibition: An inhibitor molecule similar in shape to the substrate competes for the active site. Can be overcome by increasing substrate concentration.
竞争性抑制：与底物形状相似的抑制剂分子争夺活性位点。可通过提高底物浓度来克服。
4. Cell Membranes and Transport | 细胞膜与运输
The fluid mosaic model introduces a suite of terms describing membrane structure and movement of substances. Distinguishing between passive and active processes is vital.
流动镶嵌模型引入了一系列描述膜结构和物质运动的术语。区分被动与
Published by TutorHao | AS Biology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图