AS OCR PE: Rapid Terminology Memorisation Guide | AS OCR 体育：词汇术语速记指南

📚 AS OCR PE: Rapid Terminology Memorisation Guide | AS OCR 体育：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the specialist vocabulary of AS OCR Physical Education is essential for top marks in exams. This guide presents a systematic collection of must-know terms across all major theory components, complete with mnemonics and visual memory hooks. Each section pairs English definitions with concise Chinese translations and memory aids to accelerate your revision.

掌握 AS OCR 体育课程的专业术语是考试取得高分的关键。本指南系统梳理了所有主要理论板块的必备词汇，并配有助记口诀和视觉记忆线索。每个小节都包含英文定义、简明中文翻译以及速记技巧，帮助你加速复习进程。

1. The Cardiovascular System | 心血管系统

Cardiovascular dynamics underpin exercise performance. Focus on the conduction system, cardiac cycle, and vascular responses. Link each term to a simple equation or letter code for rapid recall.

心血管系统的动态变化是运动表现的基础。重点关注心脏传导系统、心动周期和血管反应。将每个术语关联到一个简单的等式或字母代码，就能快速回想。

• Heart Rate (HR) | 心率: The number of cardiac cycles per minute, expressed in bpm.
  每分钟心脏搏动的次数，单位为 bpm。
  Memory aid: HR = beats counted in 60 seconds. Think ‘Heart Rhythms per minute’.
• Stroke Volume (SV) | 每搏输出量: The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat.
  左心室每次收缩泵出的血量。
  Memory aid: SV is the Stroke of the pump; it rises during exercise due to increased venous return.
• Cardiac Output (Q) | 心输出量: Q = HR × SV, the total blood volume ejected per minute.
  每分钟心脏泵出的总血量。
  Memory aid: CO = HR × SV. ‘Cooling Output’ needs both rate and volume.
• Venous Return | 静脉回流量: The flow of blood back to the right atrium. It increases via the muscle pump, respiratory pump, and venoconstriction.
  血液返回右心房的过程，通过肌肉泵、呼吸泵和静脉收缩增加回流量。
  Memory aid: ‘VR = Return of the Rivers’; muscle contraction squeezes veins.
• Bradycardia | 心动过缓: A resting heart rate below 60 bpm, often seen in endurance athletes due to increased SV.
  静息心率低于 60 bpm，常见于耐力运动员，因每搏输出量增大。
  Memory aid: ‘Brady = Slow’; think of a slow ‘braid’ of hair.
• Cardiac Hypertrophy | 心脏肥大: Thickening of the myocardium, especially the left ventricle, from long-term aerobic training.
  长期有氧训练导致心肌（尤其是左心室）增厚。
  Memory aid: ‘Hyper-trophy = too much growth’; the heart wall becomes a thicker pump.
• Vasodilation & Vasoconstriction | 血管舒张与血管收缩: Widening and narrowing of blood vessels to regulate blood flow and temperature.
  血管管径扩大和缩小，以调节血流量和体温。
  Memory aid: ‘Dilate = widen (think of pupil dilation)’; ‘Constrict = tighten’.

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2. The Respiratory System | 呼吸系统

Pulmonary volumes, gaseous exchange, and neural control of breathing are hugely examinable. Use acronyms and number relationships to anchor definitions.

肺容量、气体交换以及呼吸的神经调控是高频考点。利用首字母缩写和数值关系来夯实定义。

• Tidal Volume (TV) | 潮气量: The volume of air inhaled or exhaled per breath at rest (~500 ml).
  静息状态下每次吸入或呼出的气体量（约 500 ml）。
  Memory aid: TV = ‘Tide of air going in and out’.
• Vital Capacity (VC) | 肺活量: Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation (TV + IRV + ERV).
  最大吸气后能呼出的最大气体量。
  Memory aid: VC = Very Capacity = the largest breath you can manage.
• Minute Ventilation (VE) | 每分通气量: VE = TV × breathing frequency; the volume of air moved per minute.
  每分钟进出肺部的气体总量。
  Memory aid: VE = Tidal × Breaths; ‘Volume Every minute’.
• Gaseous Exchange | 气体交换: Diffusion of O₂ from alveoli to blood and CO₂ from blood to alveoli, driven by partial pressure gradients.
  氧气从肺泡扩散入血、二氧化碳从血扩散入肺泡的过程，由分压差驱动。
  Memory aid: ‘High to Low’ pressure, like a slope.
• Bohr Shift | 波尔效应: Rightward shift of the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve due to increased CO₂, temperature, or acidity, enhancing O₂ unloading to muscles.
  因 CO₂ 增加、温度升高或酸度增加导致氧离曲线右移，促进氧气向肌肉释放。
  Memory aid: Bohr = ‘Body Overheats, Releases O₂ Helpfully’.
• Respiratory Control Centre | 呼吸控制中枢: Located in the medulla oblongata, it receives input from chemoreceptors and stretch receptors to adjust breathing rate.
  位于延髓，接受化学感受器和牵张感受器的输入以调节呼吸频率。
  Memory aid: ‘Medulla Monitors gases and Muscles’.

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3. The Muscular System | 肌肉系统

Muscle fibre types, contraction mechanisms, and neuromuscular junctions form a core unit. Learn the subtypes by their contraction speed and mitochondrial content.

肌纤维类型、收缩机制和神经肌肉接头构成了一个核心单元。根据收缩速度和线粒体含量来区分亚型。

• Muscle Fibre Types | 肌纤维类型: Type I (slow oxidative), Type IIa (fast oxidative glycolytic), Type IIx (fast glycolytic).
  I 型（慢缩氧化型）、IIa 型（快缩氧化酵解型）、IIx 型（快缩酵解型）。
  Memory aid: ‘1 slow, 2a fast and fatigue-resistant, 2x fastest but tires quickly.’
• Sliding Filament Theory | 肌丝滑动学说: Myosin heads pull actin filaments towards the M-line using ATP, shortening the sarcomere.
  肌球蛋白头利用 ATP 将肌动蛋白丝拉向 M 线，使肌小节缩短。
  Memory aid: ‘Myosin pulls Actin (MA)’; think of a ratchet mechanism.
• Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) | 神经肌肉接头: Synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fibre where acetylcholine (ACh) triggers excitation.
  运动神经元与肌纤维之间的突触，乙酰胆碱在此触发兴奋。
  Memory aid: ‘NMJ = Nerve Meets Muscle Junction’.
• All or None Law | 全或无定律: Once a motor unit is stimulated, all fibres within it contract maximally or not at all.
  运动单位一旦受刺激，其内部所有纤维要么全部最大收缩，要么不收缩。
  Memory aid: ‘All or nothing – no half-hearted contractions.’
• Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) | 本体感觉神经肌肉促进法: Stretching technique involving isometric contraction and relaxation to increase range of motion.
  通过等长收缩和放松来增加关节活动范围的拉伸技术。
  Memory aid: PNF = ‘Push and Follow’ – contract then stretch.
• Motor Unit | 运动单位: A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates.
  一个运动神经元及其支配的所有肌纤维。
  Memory aid: One Motor Neuron, Many Muscle fibres.

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4. The Skeletal System | 骨骼系统

Bone functions, joint classifications, and the effects of exercise on the skeleton are essential learning. Draw a skeleton and label joint types to cement the terms.

骨骼的功能、关节分类以及运动对骨骼的影响是必学内容。画一副骨架并标注关节类型，可巩固术语记忆。

• Long Bones, Short Bones, Flat Bones, Irregular Bones | 长骨、短骨、扁骨、不规则骨: Classified by shape; e.g., femur (long), carpals (short), cranium (flat), vertebrae (irregular).
  按形状分类；例如股骨（长）、腕骨（短）、颅骨（扁）、椎骨（不规则）。
  Memory aid: Link bone shape to function: long for leverage, short for weight bearing, flat for protection.
• Types of Joints | 关节类型: Fibrous (fixed), cartilaginous (slightly movable), synovial (freely movable).
  纤维关节（不动）、软骨关节（微动）、滑膜关节（可动）。
  Memory aid: ‘Fibrous = Fused, Cartilaginous = Cushioned, Synovial = Sliding’.
• Synovial Joint Structures | 滑膜关节结构: Synovial membrane, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, joint capsule, ligaments.
  滑膜、滑液、关节软骨、关节囊、韧带。
  Memory aid: ‘Sally Saw A Cat Jump Loudly’ (Synovial membrane, Synovial fluid, Articular Cartilage, Joint capsule, Ligaments).
• Osteoporosis vs Osteoarthritis | 骨质疏松与骨关节炎 teoporosis = porous, brittle bones; Osteoarthritis = wear and tear of articular cartilage.
  骨质疏松：多孔、脆性骨骼；骨关节炎：关节软骨磨损。
  Memory aid: ‘Osteo-Porosis = Pores in bone’; ‘Osteo-arthritis = Arthritis of bone joints’.
• Effect of Weight-Bearing Exercise | 负重运动的效应: Increases bone mineral density, reducing fracture risk.
  提高骨密度，降低骨折风险。
  Memory aid: Bones respond to load like muscles – ‘use them or lose them’.

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5. Biomechanics and Movement Analysis | 生物力学与运动分析

Newton’s laws, force summation, and lever systems underpin movement analysis. Draw free-body diagrams and label lever arms to solidify comprehension.

牛顿定律、合力叠加和杠杆系统是运动分析的基础。画受力图并标注力臂，能够夯实理解。

• Newton's Three Laws | 牛顿三定律: Inertia, acceleration (F=ma), action–reaction.
  惯性、加速度（F = ma）、作用与反作用。
  Memory aid: ‘I Am Active’ = Inertia, Acceleration, Action-reaction.
• Force Summation | 合力叠加: Sequential movement of body parts to generate maximum force (e.g., throwing).
  身体环节依次发力产生最大力量。
  Memory aid: ‘Sum of forces from largest to smallest muscles’ – like a whip.
• Lever Systems | 杠杆系统 ass (FLE), second-class (ELF), third-class (FEL); where F = fulcrum, L = load, E = effort.
  第一类杠杆（FLE）、第二类（ELF）、第三类（FEL）；F = 支点，L = 负荷，E = 施力。
  Memory aid: ‘FLE – Fulcrum in the middle; ELF – Load in the middle; FEL – Effort in the middle.’
• Velocity, Acceleration, Momentum | 速度、加速度、动量: v = s/t, a = Δv/t, momentum = m × v.
  v = s/t，a = Δv/t，动量 p = mv。
  Memory aid: ‘ omentum’: velocity = displacement/time, acceleration = change in v/t, momentum = mass × v.
• Centre of Mass | 质心: The point where the body’s mass is evenly distributed; critical for balance and stability.
  身体质量均匀分布的点，对平衡和稳定至关重要。
  Memory aid: ‘COM – where all mass concentrates’, usually around the hips.

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6. Skill Acquisition | 技能习得

Classify skills, differentiate between learning and performance, and memorise the stages of learning with simple analogies. Link each stage to a familiar coach or personal experience.

对技能进行分类，区分学习和表现，并用简单的类比记住学习阶段。将每个阶段与熟悉的教练或个人经历联系起来。

• Open vs Closed Skills | 开放式与封闭式技能: Open – performed in a changing environment (e.g., football pass). Closed – stable, predictable environment (e.g., a gymnastics vault).
  开放式：在多变环境中执行；封闭式：在稳定、可预测的环境中执行。
  Memory aid: ‘Open to change, Closed like a room’.
• Stages of Learning: Cognitive, Associative, Autonomous | 学习阶段：认知、联结、自动化: Cognitive – beginner builds mental model; Associative – practice refines movements; Autonomous – automatic, little conscious thought.
  认知阶段：建立心理模型；联结阶段：练习精炼动作；自动化阶段：自动执行，几乎无需意识。
  Memory aid: CAA – ‘Clumsy, Accurate, Achieved’.
• Feedback Types | 反馈类型: Intrinsic (internal), Extrinsic (external), Knowledge of Results (KR), Knowledge of Performance (KP).
  内在反馈、外在反馈、结果知晓、表现知晓。
  Memory aid: ‘I Eat KRumP’ – Intrinsic, Extrinsic, KR, KP.
• Transfer of Learning | 学习迁移: Positive (helps), Negative (hinders), Bilateral (from one limb to the other).
  正迁移（有帮助）、负迁移（阻碍）、双侧迁移。
  Memory aid: ‘Transfer can be a friend or foe’.
• Whole–Part–Whole Practice | 整体–分解–整体练习法: Attempt the whole skill, isolate a weak component, then integrate again.
  先尝试完整技能，分解出薄弱部分练习，再重新整合。
  Memory aid: W-P-W = ‘Watch, Practise, Win’.

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7. Sport Psychology | 运动心理学

Arousal, anxiety, and motivation models are central to the psychological component. Use the inverted-U and catastrophe theory graphs as visual anchors.

唤醒、焦虑和动机模型是心理学部分的中心内容。用倒 U 型和灾难理论图表作为视觉锚点。

• Inverted-U Theory | 倒 U 假说: Performance increases with arousal to an optimal point, then declines.
  随着唤醒水平升高，表现上升至最佳点后下降。
  Memory aid: ‘Up and then Down – like a hill.’
• Catastrophe Theory | 灾难理论: High somatic anxiety combined with high cognitive anxiety can cause a sudden, dramatic drop in performance.
  高的躯体焦虑加高认知焦虑会导致运动表现突然急剧下降。
  Memory aid: ‘CATASTROPHE = sudden collapse when worry + physical tension peak.’
• Trait vs State Anxiety | 特质焦虑与状态焦虑: Trait – stable personality tendency; State – temporary, situation-specific feeling of apprehension.
  特质焦虑：稳定的人格倾向；状态焦虑：特定情境下的暂时性忧虑。
  Memory aid: ‘Trait is like your fingerprint; state comes and goes with the game.’
• Achievement Motivation: NACH & NAF | 成就动机：追求成功和避免失败: Need to Achieve (NACH) – approach behaviours; Need to Avoid Failure (NAF) – avoidance behaviours.
  追求成功：趋近行为；避免失败：回避行为。
  Memory aid: ‘NACH loves a challenge, NAF fears a mistake.’
• Social Facilitation & Inhibition | 社会助长与社会抑制: The presence of others can enhance performance (simple/well-learned) or impair it (complex/novel).
  他人在场可能提升（简单/熟练任务）或削弱（复杂/新任务）表现。
  Memory aid: ‘Fans help when you’re skilled, hurt when you’re new.’
• Self-Efficacy & Self-Confidence | 自我效能与自信心: Belief in one’s ability to succeed; built through performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and emotional state.
  对自身成功能力的信念；通过成就经验、替代经验、言语说服和情绪状态建立。
  Memory aid: ‘ dence; grow it with PAVe (Performance, Alternative role models, Verbal encouragement, Emotional control).’

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8. Sport and Society | 体育与社会

Sociological terms relating to class, gender, and ethnicity in sport are frequently assessed. Use the ‘three Cs’ concept (Constructions, Conformity, Contestation) to group ideas.

与体育中的阶级、性别和种族相关的社会学术语经常被考核。用“三 C”概念（建构、遵从、争辩）来归类思想。

• Social Construction of Sport | 体育的社会建构: Sport is shaped by the values, norms, and power relations of a society.
  体育由社会价值、规范和权力关系所塑造。
  Memory aid: ‘Sport is not natural; it’s built by society.’
• Participation Pyramid | 参与金字塔: Foundation (mass participation), Performance (competitive clubs), Elite (excellence).
  基础层（大众参与）、表现层（竞技俱乐部）、精英层（卓越）。
  Memory aid: ‘Foundation feeds Performance feeds Podium.’
• Commercialisation of Sport | 体育商业化: Sport as a commodity influenced by media, sponsorship, and profit.
  体育成为商品，受媒体、赞助和利润影响。
  Memory aid: ‘Gold, Media, Sponsorship – the Golden Triangle.’
• Gender Stereotyping in PE | 体育中的性别刻板印象: Traditional views limit participation; e.g., ‘boys play rugby, girls do dance’.
  传统观念限制参与，如“男孩玩橄榄球，女孩跳舞”。
  Memory aid: ‘Stereotypes can shrink sporting choices.’
• Social Mobility Through Sport | 体育实现社会流动: Sport as a possible route out of poverty, but opportunities are unequal.
  体育是脱贫的可能途径，但机会不均等。
  Memory aid: ‘Sport can be a ladder, but not everyone has a ladder.’

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9. Health, Fitness and Training | 健康、体能和训练

Components of fitness and training principles are the bedrock of an athlete’s physical preparation. Apply the FITT principle to each component for instant recall.

体能要素和训练原则是运动员身体准备的基石。对每个要素套用 FITT 原则，即可瞬间回想。

• Health-Related Fitness Components | 健康相关体能要素: Cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, body composition.
  心肺耐力、肌力、肌耐力、柔韧性、身体成分。
  Memory aid: ‘Chris Makes Muscle & Flexibility Body’ (CV, Musc Str, Musc End, Flex, Body comp).
• Skill-Related Fitness Components | 技能相关体能要素: Agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, speed.
  敏捷、平衡、协调、爆发力、反应时、速度。
  Memory aid: ‘A Big Cat Purrs Rapidly Slow’ – Agility, Balance, Coordination, Power, Reaction time, Speed.
• Principles of Training (SPORT) | 训练原则 (SPORT): Specificity, Progression, Overload, Reversibility, Tedium.
  专项性、渐进性、超负荷、可逆性、枯燥性。
  Memory aid: ‘SPORT = Specific, Progressive, Overload, Reversible, Tedious.’
• FITT Principle | FITT 原则: Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type – used to design training sessions.
  频率、强度、时间、类型——用于设计训练课。
  Memory aid: ‘Find Intensity, Time, and Type’.
• Periodisation | 周期性训练: Dividing the training year into macro-, meso-, and micro-cycles to peak for competition.
  将训练年分为大周期、中周期、小周期，以在比赛中达到巅峰状态。
  Memory aid: ‘Plan big, train medium, peak small.’

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10. Nutrition and Ergogenic Aids | 营养与运动增益剂

Fuel sources and dietary strategies directly impact energy provision. Use colour-coded food charts in your mind to remember macronutrient roles.

燃料来源和饮食策略直接影响能量供给。在脑海中用色彩编码的食物图表来记住宏量营养素的作用。

• Macronutrients: Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins | 宏量营养素：碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白质: Carbs – main energy source for high-intensity work; Fats – energy for low-intensity, prolonged exercise; Protein – muscle repair and growth.
  碳水：高强度运动的主要能源；脂肪：低强度长时间运动的能源；蛋白质：肌肉修复与生长。
  Memory aid: ‘ quick fuel (like petrol), Fats = slow fuel (diesel), Proteins = building blocks (bricks).’
• Glycaemic Index (GI) | 血糖生成指数: Ranking of carbohydrate foods according to how quickly they raise blood glucose. High GI for quick energy, low GI for sustained release.
  按食物升高血糖的速度对碳水分类。高 GI 快速供能，低 GI 持续释放。
  Memory aid: ‘GI = Glucose Impact speed.’
• Ergogenic Aids | 运动增益剂: Substances or techniques that enhance performance, e.g., creatine, caffeine, bicarbonate.
  提升运动表现的物质或技术，如肌酸、咖啡因、碳酸氢钠。
  Memory aid: ‘Ergo = work; ergogenic = work-enhancer.’
• Creatine Supplementation | 肌酸补充: Increases phosphocreatine stores to regenerate ATP rapidly in short bursts (e.g., sprinting, jumping).
  增加磷酸肌酸储备，快速再合成 ATP，用于短时爆发性运动。
  Memory aid: ‘Creatine = Quick energy reload (like a power bank).’
• Hydration and Electrolytes | 水合作用与电解质: Water loss of >2% body mass impairs endurance and cognitive function; electrolytes (sodium, potassium) maintain fluid balance and nerve function.
  失水超过体重的 2% 会损害耐力和认知功能；电解质维持体液平衡和神经功能。
  Memory aid: ‘Water is your engine coolant; electrolytes are the sparks.’

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