📚 GCSE CAIE Philosophy: Quick Vocabulary & Terminology Guide | GCSE CAIE 哲学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering philosophical terminology is not just an academic requirement – it is the foundation for clear reasoning and high-level essay writing in the GCSE CAIE Philosophy course. This guide assembles the essential terms across epistemology, ethics, metaphysics, religion, mind, politics and logic, complete with concise English definitions and precise Chinese equivalents. Use it to build your philosophical vocabulary efficiently and retain each concept for exam success.
掌握哲学术语不仅是学术要求，更是 GCSE CAIE 哲学课程中进行清晰推理和写出高层次论文的基础。本指南汇集了认识论、伦理学、形而上学、宗教、心灵、政治与逻辑等领域的核心术语，配有简明的英文定义和准确的中文对应。用它高效构建你的哲学词汇库，牢牢记住每个概念，助你考试成功。
1. Epistemology Terms | 认识论术语
Knowledge: In philosophy, knowledge is traditionally defined as justified true belief, though Gettier cases challenge this analysis.
知识：在哲学中，知识传统上被定义为有理由的真信念，但盖梯尔案例对这一分析提出了挑战。
A priori: Knowledge that is independent of experience, such as 'All bachelors are unmarried' or 2×2=4.
先验：不依赖于经验的知识，例如“所有单身汉都未婚”或 2×2=4。
A posteriori: Knowledge that depends on empirical evidence or sense experience, like 'Water boils at 100°C'.
后验：依赖于经验证据或感官经验的知识，例如“水在 100°C 沸腾”。
Empiricism: The theory that all knowledge originates in sense experience; key figures include John Locke and David Hume.
经验主义：认为所有知识都源于感官经验的理论；代表人物包括约翰·洛克和大卫·休谟。
Rationalism: The view that reason alone is the primary source of knowledge, not the senses; Descartes' cogito is a famous rationalist insight.
理性主义：认为理性本身是知识的主要源泉，而非感官；笛卡尔的“我思”是著名的理性主义洞见。
Scepticism: The philosophical stance that we cannot have certainty about knowledge; global scepticism doubts all knowledge claims.
怀疑主义：认为我们无法对知识有确定性的哲学立场；全面怀疑主义质疑一切知识主张。
Sense-data: The immediate objects of perception – colours, sounds, smells – which are distinct from physical objects themselves.
感觉材料：直接知觉到的对象——颜色、声音、气味——它们有别于物理物体本身。
Foundationalism: The epistemological theory that knowledge rests on basic, self-justifying beliefs which support all other beliefs.
基础主义：认为知识建立在基本的、自我证明的信念之上的认识论理论，这些信念支撑所有其他信念。
2. Ethics & Meta-ethics Terms | 伦理学与元伦理学术语
Utilitarianism: An ethical theory that judges actions by their consequences, aiming to maximise overall happiness; associated with Bentham and Mill.
功利主义：一种根据后果判断行动的伦理学理论，旨在最大化总体幸福；与边沁和密尔相关。
Deontology: Duty-based ethics in which an action is right if it follows a moral rule, irrespective of consequences; Kant's ethics is deontological.
义务论：以义务为基础的伦理学，符合道德规则的行为就是正确的，不管后果如何；康德的伦理学是义务论的。
Virtue Ethics: An approach focusing on the character of the moral agent and the cultivation of virtues, rooted in Aristotle's concept of eudaimonia (flourishing).
德性伦理学：一种关注道德主体品格与美德培养的进路，根植于亚里士多德的 eudaimonia（繁荣）概念。
Categorical Imperative: Kant's universal moral law: 'Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.'
绝对命令：康德的普遍道德律：“只按照你同时愿意它成为普遍法则的准则去行动。”
Moral Realism: The meta-ethical claim that moral facts exist independently of human beliefs, attitudes, or sentiments.
道德实在论：元伦理学的主张，认为道德事实独立于人类的信念、态度或情感而存在。
Moral Anti-realism: The denial of objective moral facts; moral statements are interpreted as expressions of emotion (emotivism) or determined by culture (relativism).
道德反实在论：否定存在客观道德事实；道德陈述被解释为情感的表达（情感主义）或由文化决定（相对主义）。
Euthyphro Dilemma: A problem for divine command theory: 'Is something good because God commands it, or does God command it because it is good?'
游叙弗伦两难：神圣命令理论的一个难题：“某物因为上帝命令它而是善的，还是上帝因为它是善的而命令它？”
3. Metaphysics & Free Will Terms | 形而上学与自由意志术语
Determinism: The thesis that every event is causally determined by preceding events and the laws of nature, seemingly leaving no room for free will.
决定论：认为每个事件都由先前事件和自然规律因果决定的论点，看似没有给自由意志留下空间。
Libertarianism (free will): The stance that free will is incompatible with determinism and that humans genuinely possess indeterministic free choice.
自由意志论（自由意志背景）：认为自由意志与决定论不相容，且人类真正拥有非决定性的自由选择的立场。
Compatibilism: The view that free will and determinism can coexist; a free action is one caused by an agent's own desires without external coercion.
相容论：认为自由意志与决定论可以共存的观点；一个自由行动是在没有外部强制的情况下由行动者自身欲望引起的行动。
Indeterminism: The idea that some events are uncaused or random, often associated with quantum mechanics; randomness alone does not amount to free will.
非决定论：认为某些事件是无因或随机的观念，常与量子力学关联；随机本身并不等同于自由意志。
Free Will: The capacity to choose between different possible courses of action without being constrained by necessity or external forces.
自由意志：在不同的可能行动方案之间进行选择而不受必然性或外部力量制约的能力。
Causality: The relation between cause and effect; fundamental to arguments about whether human actions are determined.
因果关系：原因与结果之间的关系；对于人类行为是否被决定的论证至关重要。
Dualism: In metaphysics of mind, the position that mind and body are distinct substances (substance dualism) or properties (property dualism).
二元论：在心灵形而上学中，主张心灵与身体是不同实体（实体二元论）或属性（属性二元论）的立场。
Physicalism: The view that everything is physical or supervenes on the physical; mental states are identical to or realised by brain states.
物理主义：认为一切都是物理的或随附于物理的观点；心理状态等同于或由大脑状态实现。
4. Philosophy of Religion Terms | 宗教哲学术语
Theism: Belief in a transcendent, personal God who is the creator and sustainer of the universe.
有神论：信仰一位超然的、位格性的上帝，他是宇宙的创造者和维系者。
Atheism: The absence of belief in any deity; often distinguished as positive atheism (asserting no God) or negative atheism (lack of belief).
无神论：不相信任何神灵；常区分为积极的无神论（断言无神）和消极的无神论（缺乏信仰）。
Agnosticism: The position that the existence of God is unknown or unknowable, leading to suspension of belief.
不可知论：认为上帝的存在不可知或无法得知的立场，从而导致中止信念。
Cosmological Argument: An a posteriori argument for God's existence that starts from the existence of the cosmos and argues for a first cause or necessary being (e.g., Aquinas' Five Ways).
宇宙论论证：一种后验的上帝存在论证，从宇宙的存在出发，论证第一因或必然存在者（如阿奎那的五路论证）。
Teleological Argument: The design argument: the complexity and apparent purpose in the world point to an intelligent designer (Paley's watchmaker analogy).
目的论论证：即设计论证：世界中的复杂性和明显的意图指向一位智慧设计者（佩利的钟表匠类比）。
Ontological Argument: An a priori argument that defines God as a being than which no greater can be conceived, concluding that such a being must exist in reality (Anselm).
本体论论证：一个先验论证，将上帝定义为无法设想比之更伟大的存在，结论是这样一个存在必须在现实中存在（安瑟伦）。
Problem of Evil: The apparent inconsistency between the existence of a perfectly good, all-powerful God and the presence of evil and suffering.
恶的问题：一个至善、全能的上帝的存在与恶及苦难的存在之间明显的不一致。
Faith: Trust or commitment to religious doctrines that goes beyond empirical evidence; often contrasted with reason (fideism vs rationalism).
信仰：超越经验证据的对宗教教义的信任或委身；常与理性对照（信仰主义与理性主义）。
5. Philosophy of Mind Terms | 心灵哲学术语
Qualia: The intrinsic, qualitative feels of conscious experience – what it is like to see red or feel pain; often used to challenge physicalism.
感受质：意识体验中内在的、质的感受——看到红色或感到疼痛的“像是什么”；常被用来挑战物理主义。
Intentionality: The defining feature of mental states whereby they are about or directed at objects and states of affairs (thoughts about something).
意向性：心理状态的规定性特征，即它们关涉或指向对象和事态（有所思）。
Substance Dualism: Descartes' view that mind is a non-physical thinking substance distinct from the body, yet interacting through the pineal gland.
实体二元论：笛卡尔的观点：心灵是一种非物理的思维实体，与身体不同，但通过松果体相互作用。
Property Dualism: The position that there is only physical substance, but it possesses both physical and irreducible mental properties.
属性二元论：认为只有物理实体，但它同时具有物理属性和不可还原的心理属性的立场。
Mind-Body Problem: The philosophical puzzle of explaining how mental states (thoughts, feelings) relate to physical states (brain processes).
心身问题：解释心理状态（思想、感受）如何与物理状态（大脑过程）相关联的哲学难题。
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