📚 GCSE Cambridge French: Formulas & Theorems Quick-Reference Handbook | GCSE Cambridge 法语:公式定理速查手册
French grammar can be intimidating, but when you treat it as a system of formulas and theorems, revision becomes a structured, logical process. This handbook provides a concise, exam-focused quick reference for the key 'formulas' (verb conjugations, sentence structures) and 'theorems' (agreement rules, pronunciation laws) required for the Cambridge GCSE French syllabus. Use it to check patterns, reinforce memory, and approach writing and speaking tasks with precision.
法语语法可能令人望而生畏,但当你将其视为一套公式和定理时,复习就成了有结构、有逻辑的过程。本手册为剑桥 GCSE 法语大纲的关键“公式”(动词变位、句型)和“定理”(配合规则、发音规律)提供了一份简洁、紧盯考试的速查资料。用它来查验模式、巩固记忆,并以精确性应对写作与口语任务。
1. Present Tense Verb Conjugation Formulas | 现在时动词变位公式
The present tense is the foundation of French communication. Master these conjugation formulas to cover the vast majority of regular verbs with confidence.
现在时是法语交流的基础。掌握以下变位公式,就能自信地应对绝大多数规则动词。
Formula for -er verbs (e.g. parler, aimer): Remove the -er to find the stem, then attach the endings: -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent.
-er 动词公式(如 parler, aimer):去掉 -er 得到词干,然后加上词尾 -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent。
| Subject | parler (to speak) | aimer (to love) |
|---|---|---|
| je | parle | aime |
| tu | parles | aimes |
| il/elle/on | parle | aime |
| nous | parlons | aimons |
| vous | parlez | aimez |
| ils/elles | parlent | aiment |
Formula for regular -ir verbs (finir type): Remove the -ir to get the stem, then add -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent.
规则 -ir 动词公式(finir 类):去掉 -ir 得到词干,然后加上 -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent。
| Subject | finir (to finish) |
|---|---|
| je | finis |
| tu | finis |
| il/elle/on | finit |
| nous | finissons |
| vous | finissez |
| ils/elles | finissent |
Formula for regular -re verbs (vendre type): Remove the -re to obtain the stem, then add -s, -s, (nothing), -ons, -ez, -ent.
规则 -re 动词公式(vendre 类):去掉 -re 得到词干,然后加上 -s, -s, (无词尾), -ons, -ez, -ent。
Irregular verbs like être, avoir, aller and faire must be memorised, but patterns exist. For example, many irregular -ir verbs (partir, sortir, dormir) drop the final consonant of the stem in the singular forms: je pars, tu pars, il part, but nous partons, vous partez, ils partent.
être、avoir、aller、faire 等不规则动词必须单独记忆,但其中也有规律。例如,很多不规则 -ir 动词(partir、sortir、dormir)在单数形式中去掉词干末尾辅音:je pars, tu pars, il part,但 nous partons, vous partez, ils partent。
2. Passé Composé Formula | 复合过去时公式
The passé composé is a compound tense used to describe completed actions. Its formation follows a precise formula, but the agreement theorem requires careful attention.
复合过去时用于描述已完成的动作。其构成遵循精确公式,但配合定理需要仔细留意。
Formula: Subject + (ne) + auxiliary (avoir/être) + (pas) + past participle
公式:主语 + (ne) + 助动词 (avoir/être) + (pas) + 过去分词
Past participle formation formula: -er verbs → -é (parlé fini), -re verbs → -u (vendu). Many common verbs have irregular past participles (e.g. eu, été, fait, pris, vu).
过去分词构成公式:-er 动词 → -é (parlé), -ir 动词 → -i (fini), -re 动词 → -u (vendu)。很多常用动词有不规则过去分词(如 eu, été, fait, pris, vu)。
Choosing the auxiliary: Most verbs use avoir. The 'être verbs' are mainly verbs of motion and reflexive verbs. Memorise them with the acronym 'Dr & Mrs Vandertramp' (devenir, revenir, monter, rester, sortir, venir, aller, naître, descendre, entrer, rentrer, tomber, retourner, arriver, mourir, partir). Reflexive verbs always use être.
助动词的选择:大多数动词用 avoir。être 动词主要包括运动动词和反身动词。可用首字母缩略词 ‘Dr & Mrs Vandertramp’ 记忆(devenir, revenir, monter, rester, sortir, venir, aller, naître, descendre, entrer, rentrer, tomber, retourner, arriver, mourir, partir)。反身动词始终用 être。
Agreement theorems:
配合定理:
1. With être, the past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject. Add -e for feminine, -s for plural, -es for feminine plural. (Elle est allée. / Elles sont parties.)
1. 用 être 时,过去分词与主语在性、数上配合。阴性加 -e,复数加 -s,阴性复数加 -es。(Elle est allée. / Elles sont parties.)
2. With avoir, the past participle does NOT agree with the subject, UNLESS a direct object (COD) precedes the verb. Then it agrees with that preceding
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