📚 GCSE CCEA Statistics: Terminology Quick Guide | 词汇术语速记指南
Mastering statistical terminology is essential for success in GCSE CCEA Statistics. This quick guide provides clear definitions and Chinese translations for the core vocabulary you need to know, from data types to probability. Use it as a rapid revision tool to reinforce your understanding and boost your exam confidence.
掌握统计学术语是 GCSE CCEA 统计学考试成功的关键。本速记指南为你提供核心词汇的清晰定义和中文翻译，涵盖数据类型到概率等各个主题。将其用作快速复习工具，以巩固理解并提升考试信心。
1. Types of Data | 数据类别
Qualitative data is non-numerical information that describes categories or attributes, such as eye colour, gender, or type of car. It is also called categorical data.
定性数据是非数值型信息，描述类别或属性，例如眼睛颜色、性别或汽车类型。它也常被称为分类数据。
Quantitative data is numerical data that can be measured or counted. It is subdivided into discrete and continuous types.
定量数据是可以测量或计数的数值型数据，它可进一步分为离散型和连续型两类。
Discrete data can only take specific, separate values, often integers. Examples include number of students in a class or goals scored in a match.
离散数据只能取特定的、分离的值，通常是整数。例如班级学生人数或比赛进球数。
Continuous data can take any value within a given range and is typically measured. Examples include height, weight, temperature, and time.
连续数据可以在一个区间内取任意值，通常是测量得到的。例如身高、体重、温度和时间。
Ordinal data is a type of qualitative data where the categories have a natural order, such as satisfaction ratings (poor, good, excellent) or exam grades (C, B, A).
顺序数据是一种定性数据，其类别具有自然顺序，例如满意度评分（差、好、优秀）或考试成绩等级（C、B、A）。
2. Data Collection Methods | 数据收集方法
Primary data is information collected directly by the researcher for a specific purpose, such as conducting a questionnaire or experiment. It is up-to-date and tailored to the investigation but can be time-consuming to gather.
一手数据是研究者为特定目的直接收集的信息，例如进行问卷调查或实验。它是最新的且切合调查需求，但收集可能耗时。
Secondary data is data that already exists and was collected by someone else for a different purpose, such as government statistics or internet sources. It is quick and cheap to obtain but may be outdated or biased.
二手数据是已存在并由他人为其他目的收集的数据，如政府统计数据或网络资源。获取快速且成本低廉，但可能过时或存在偏差。
A census collects data from every member of the population. It gives a complete picture but is often impractical for large populations because of cost and time.
普查是指从总体中的每个成员收集数据。它能够给出全貌，但对于大规模总体往往因成本和时间而不切实际。
A sample is a subset of the population selected to represent the whole. A good sample should be representative to allow conclusions about the population.
样本是选出来代表总体的一个子集。好的样本应具有代表性，以便对总体进行推断。
A sampling frame is a list of all individuals in the population from which a sample is drawn. If the frame is incomplete, bias can occur.
抽样框是总体中所有个体的一个列表，样本将从其中抽取。如果抽样框不完整，就可能产生偏差。
A pilot study is a small-scale trial of a survey or questionnaire. It helps identify problems with wording, timing, or ambiguity before the main data collection.
试点研究是调查或问卷的小规模试行。它有助于在主要数据收集之前发现措辞、时间安排或歧义等问题。
Bias is any systematic error that causes results to deviate from the true value. Common sources include leading questions, non-response, under-coverage, and convenience sampling.
偏差是导致结果偏离真实值的任何系统性误差。常见来源包括诱导性问题、无回答、覆盖不足和便利抽样。
3. Sampling Techniques | 抽样技术
Simple random sampling gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected. It can be done using random number tables or generators.
简单随机抽样使总体中每个成员被选中的概率相等。这可以通过随机数表或生成器实现。
Stratified sampling divides the population into subgroups (strata) based on a specific characteristic, then randomly samples from each stratum in proportion to its size. This ensures key groups are represented.
分层抽样根据特定特征将总体分为若干子群（层），然后按各层的大小比例从每一层中随机抽样。这能确保关键群体被代表。
Systematic sampling selects individuals at regular intervals from a list. For example, choosing every 10th person from a register after a random starting point.
系统抽样按照固定间隔从列表中选取个体。例如，在随机起点后，每间隔10个人从名册中选取一人。
Cluster sampling divides the population into geographically or naturally occurring clusters, randomly selects a few clusters, and then surveys all members within them. It is useful when the population is spread out.
整群抽样将总体分成地理或自然形成的群组，随机选取几个群，然后调查这些群内的所有成员。当总体分布较广时，这种方法很实用。
Quota sampling is a non-probability method where interviewers select a fixed number of people who meet certain characteristics until quotas are filled. It is cheaper but can introduce bias because selection is not random.
配额抽样是一种非概率方法，调查者选取固定数量符合某些特征的人，直至填满配额。它成本较低，但由于选择不是随机的，可能引入偏差。
Convenience sampling involves selecting individuals who are easiest to reach, such as friends or people on the street. It often leads to highly unrepresentative data and is not recommended for formal statistical work.
便利抽样是指选取最容易接触到的人，例如朋友或街上的行人。它常导致数据高度缺乏代表性，不推荐用于正式的统计工作。
4. Representing Data | 数据表示
A bar chart uses bars of equal width to display frequencies of categorical data. The bars are separated by gaps, and the height represents frequency.
条形图用等宽的条形显示分类数据的频数。条形之间留有空隙，高度代表频数。
A pictogram uses symbols or pictures to represent frequencies. A key explains the value of each symbol, and parts of a symbol can show fractional frequencies.
象形图使用符号或图片来表示频数。图例解释每个符号的数值，部分符号可以表示非整数的频数。
A pie chart is a circle divided into sectors. The angle of each sector is proportional to the frequency of the category it represents, making it ideal for showing proportions of a whole.
饼图是将圆划分成扇形的图表。每个扇形的角度与其所代表类别的频数成比例，特别适合展示部分的占比。
A histogram displays grouped continuous data. Unlike bar charts, there are no gaps between bars, and the area of each bar is proportional to the frequency. If class widths are unequal, frequency density must be used.
直方图展示分组的连续数据。与条形图不同，条形之间没有空隙，每个条形的面积与频数成比例。如果组距不等，就必须使用频数密度。
A frequency polygon is formed by joining the midpoints of the tops of histogram bars with straight lines. It is useful for comparing distributions and showing shape.
频数多边形由连接直方图条形顶端中点的直线段构成。它有助于比较分布和显示形状。
A cumulative frequency graph (or ogive) plots the running total of frequencies against the upper class boundary. It is used to estimate the median, quartiles, and percentiles.
累积频数图（或卵形线）是将频数的累积总和相对于组上限绘出的图形。它用于估算中位数、四分位数和百分位数。
A box plot (box-and-whisker diagram) summarises data using five numbers: minimum, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and maximum. It clearly shows the spread and identifies outliers.
箱线图（盒须图）用五个数字概括数据：最小值、下四分位数、中位数、上四分位数和最大值。它能清晰展示数据的分散情况并识别异常值。
A scatter graph displays points for two paired variables. It can reveal correlation and patterns. A line of best fit may be added to model the relationship.
散点图展示两个配对变量的数据点。它可以揭示相关性和模式，并可添加最佳拟合线来对关系建模。
A stem-and-leaf diagram retains the original data values while showing their distribution. The 'stem' represents the leading digit(s), and the 'leaf' shows the trailing digit.
茎叶图在保留原始数据值的同时展示其分布。'茎'代表前几位数字，'叶'显示最后一位数字。
5. Measures of Central Tendency | 集中趋势测量
The mean is the arithmetic average, found by summing all values and dividing by the number of values.
均值是算术平均数，通过将所有数值求和后除以数值个数得到。
x̄ = Σx / n
其中 x̄ 表示样本均值，Σx 为总和，n 为数据个数。
The median is the middle value when data are ordered. It is resistant to outliers and is often preferred for skewed distributions.
中位数是将数据排序后位于中间的值。它对异常值有抵抗力，常用于偏态分布。
The mode is the most frequently occurring value in a data set. A data set can have one mode (unimodal), two modes (bimodal), or more.
众数是数据集中出现最频繁的值。数据集可以有一个众数（单峰）、两个众数（双峰）或更多。
For grouped data, the modal class is the class interval with the highest frequency. It is an estimate of the mode when raw data are unavailable.
对于分组数据，众数组是指频数最高的组区间。当无法获得原始数据时，用它来估计众数。
as Σ(weight × value) / Σ(weights). It is useful in index numbers and when combining means.
加权均值对不同数值赋予不同的重要性（权重）。计算公式为 Σ(权重 × 数值) / Σ(权重)。它在指数编制和合并均值时很有用。
6. Measures of Spread | 离散程度测量
The range is the simplest measure of spread, calculated as the difference between the maximum and minimum values. It is easily affected by outliers.
极差是最简单的离散度测量，计算为最大值与最小值之差。它容易受异常值影响。
tile (Q₃) and lower quartile (Q₁). IQR = Q₃ − Q₁. It describes the spread of the middle 50% and is robust to outliers.
四分位距（IQR）是上四分位数（Q₃）与下四分位数（Q₁）之差。IQR = Q₃ − Q₁。它描述了中间50%数据的分散情况，且不容易受异常值影响。
Variance measures the average squared deviation from the mean. For a population, variance is σ²; for a sample, it is s².
方差衡量各个数据与均值离差平方的平均数。对于总体，方差为 σ²；对于样本，方差为 s²。
σ² = Σ(x − μ)² / N s² = Σ(x − x̄)² / (n − 1)
其中 μ 为总体均值，x̄ 为样本均值，N 为总体大小，n 为样本大小。
Standard deviation is the square root of variance. It is expressed in the same units as the original data and shows how much values typically differ from the mean.
标准差是方差的平方根。它以原始数据的单位表示，展示数值通常与均值相差多远。
σ = √[Σ(x − μ)² / N] s = √[Σ(x − x̄)² / (n − 1)]
标准差越小，数据越集中；标准差越大，数据越分散。
The mean absolute deviation is the average of the absolute differences between each value and the mean. It is less influenced by extreme values but is used less often than standard deviation.
平均绝对偏差是各个数据与均值之差的绝对值的平均数。它受极端值影响较小，但使用不如标准差广泛。
7. Quartiles & Percentiles | 四分位数与百分位数
Quartiles divide an ordered data set into four equal parts. The lower quartile (Q₁) is the 25th percentile, the median (Q₂) is the 50th percentile, and the upper quartile (Q₃) is the 75th percentile.
四分位数将排序后的数据分成四个相等部分。下四分位数（Q₁）是第25百分位数，中位数（Q₂）是第50百分位数，上四分位数（Q₃）是第75百分位数。
A percentile is the value below which a given percentage of observations fall. For example, the 90th percentile is the score below which 90% of the data lie.
百分位数是特定百分比的观测值在其下方的那个数值。例如，第90百分位数是指有90%的数据位于它之下。
To calculate quartiles for discrete data, order the data and use position formulas. For Q₁ use (n+1)/4 th value, for Q₂ use (n+1)/2 th, for Q₃ use 3(n+1)/4 th. If the position is not an integer, interpolation is used.
对于离散数据，要计算四分位数，先将数据排序并采用位置公式。Q₁ 用第 (n+1)/4 个值，Q₂ 用第 (n+1)/2 个，Q₃ 用第 3(n+1)/4 个。如果位置不是整数，则使用内插法。
st extreme values within 1.5 × IQR of the quartiles; values beyond are potential outliers.
箱线图直观地展示五数概括：最小值、Q₁、中位数、Q₃ 和最大值。胡须延伸至距四分位数 1.5 × IQR 范围内的最极值；超出该范围的值可能是异常值。
ndaries. Any data point below Q₁ − 1.5×IQR or above Q₃ + 1.5×IQR is flagged as an outlier.
IQR 常被用来确定异常值的界限。任何低于 Q₁ − 1.5×IQR 或高于 Q₃ + 1.5×IQR 的数据点都被标记为异常值。
8. Correlation & Regression | 相关与回归
Correlation describes the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables. It does not imply causation.
相关描述两个变量之间线性关系的强度和方向。相关并不意味着因果关系。
Positive correlation means that as one variable increases, the other tends to increase. The points on a scatter graph slope upwards.
正相关意味着当一个变量增大时，另一个变量也倾向于增大。散点图上的点整体向上倾斜。
Negative correlation means that as one variable increases, the other tends to decrease. The scatter graph slopes downwards.
负相关意味着当一个变量增大时，另一个变量倾向于减小。散点图整体向下倾斜。
A line of best fit is a straight line drawn through a scatter graph to model the trend. It should have roughly equal numbers of points above and below the line.
最佳拟合线是通过散点图绘出的一条直线，用以对趋势建模。线上方和下方的点数应大致相当。
Interpolation is using the line of best fit to predict values within the range of the given data. It is considered
Published by TutorHao | GCSE 统计 Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图