📚 GCSE CCEA Physical Education: Quick Guide to Key Terminology | GCSE CCEA 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the correct subject terminology is a powerful way to boost your marks in GCSE CCEA Physical Education. This revision guide brings together the most important terms you need to know, organised by topic. Use it to test yourself, create flashcards, and feel confident when you sit your exam.
掌握正确的学科术语是提高 GCSE CCEA 体育成绩的有效途径。本复习指南按主题整理了你需要掌握的最重要术语。用它来检测自己、制作闪卡，在考试时充满信心。
1. Health and Fitness Components | 健康与体适能组成
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
健康是一种身体、心理和社交完全健康的状态，而不仅仅是没有疾病或虚弱。
Fitness is the ability to meet the demands of the environment. It can be split into health-related and skill-related components.
体适能是满足环境需求的能力，可分为健康相关要素和技能相关要素。
Cardiovascular endurance (aerobic power) is the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to the working muscles during sustained exercise.
心血管耐力（有氧能力）是心脏和肺在持续运动中为工作肌肉供氧的能力。
Muscular strength is the maximum force a muscle or muscle group can exert against a resistance in a single contraction.
肌肉力量是肌肉或肌肉群在一次收缩中对抗阻力所能产生的最大力量。
Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle group to repeat contractions or hold a static contraction over time without fatigue.
肌肉耐力是肌肉群在一段时间内重复收缩或保持静态收缩而不疲劳的能力。
Flexibility is the range of movement possible at a joint.
柔韧性是关节处可能的活动范围。
Body composition is the relative ratio of fat mass to lean body mass (muscle, bone, water).
身体组成是脂肪质量与去脂体重（肌肉、骨骼、水分）的相对比例。
Agility is the ability to change the position of the body quickly and with control, combining speed and balance.
敏捷性是快速且控制地改变身体位置的能力，结合了速度和平衡。
Balance is maintaining the body's centre of mass over its base of support. It can be static (still) or dynamic (moving).
平衡是保持身体重心在支持面之上的能力，可分为静态平衡和动态平衡。
Coordination is the ability to use two or more body parts together smoothly and efficiently.
协调性是流畅高效地同时使用两个或更多身体部位的能力。
Power is the product of strength and speed, often described as the ability to perform explosive movements.
爆发力是力量与速度的乘积，常被描述为完成爆发性动作的能力。
Reaction time is the time taken to initiate a response to a stimulus; speed is the rate at which a movement or series of movements is performed.
反应时是对刺激开始做出反应所需的时间；速度是完成一个或一系列动作的速率。
2. Principles of Training (SPORT and FITT) | 训练原则（SPORT 与 FITT）
Specificity: training must be relevant to the particular sport, energy system and muscle groups used.
专项性：训练必须与特定运动、所用的能量系统和肌肉群相关。
Progressive overload: gradually increasing the demands placed on the body to cause it to adapt. Overload can be manipulated using the FITT variables.
渐进超负荷：逐步增加施加于身体的负担以使其产生适应。超负荷可通过 FITT 变量来调整。
Reversibility (detraining): fitness gains are lost when training stops or is significantly reduced.
可逆性（停训）：停止训练或训练量显著减少时，已获得的体适能会流失。
Tedium: using variety in training to prevent boredom and maintain motivation.
趣味性：训练中使用多样性以防止厌倦并保持动机。
FITT stands for Frequency, Intensity, Time and Type: Frequency is how often you train; Intensity is how hard you train; Time is the duration of each session; Type is the method of training selected.
FITT 代表频率、强度、时间和类型：频率指多久训练一次；强度指训练多费力；时间指每次训练的持续时间；类型指所选的训练方法。
3. Methods of Training | 训练方法
Continuous training involves steady-state exercise at moderate intensity for at least 20 minutes, primarily developing cardiovascular endurance.
持续训练在中强度下进行稳态运动至少 20 分钟，主要用于发展心血管耐力。
Fartlek training ('speed play') blends continuous running with random bursts of faster work, improving both aerobic and anaerobic fitness.
法特莱克训练（‘速度游戏’）将持续跑与随机快速跑结合，同时改善有氧和无氧适能。
Interval training alternates periods of high-intensity work with recovery intervals, allowing repeated high-quality efforts.
间歇训练将高强度工作期与恢复期交替进行，使高质量重复努力成为可能。
Circuit training is a series of exercises performed in sequence with short rests, developing multiple components of fitness at once.
循环训练是一系列按顺序进行的练习，组间短暂休息，同时发展多项体适能要素。
Weight (resistance) training uses free weights, machines or body weight to improve muscular strength, endurance or power.
重量（抗阻）训练利用自由重量、器械或自身体重来增强肌肉力量、耐力或爆发力。
Plyometric training involves rapid eccentric-concentric contractions (e.g. bounding, depth jumps) to develop explosive power.
增强式训练涉及快速的离心-向心收缩（如跳跃、跳深），以发展爆发力。
Flexibility training can be static (held stretches), dynamic (controlled swinging movements) or PNF (Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation), which uses alternating contraction-relaxation phases.
柔韧训练可分为静态拉伸、动态拉伸或 PNF（本体感觉神经肌肉促进法），后者通过交替的收缩-放松阶段进行。
4. Movement Analysis and Joint Actions | 动作分析与关节运动
The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right; movements in this plane include flexion and extension (e.g. running).
矢状面将身体分为左右两部分；在此平面内的运动包括屈和伸（如跑步）。
The frontal (coronal) plane divides the body into front and back; movements include abduction and adduction (e.g. star jumps).
额状面（冠状面）将身体分为前后两部分；运动包括外展和内收（如开合跳）。
The transverse plane divides the body into top and bottom; movements include rotation and horizontal flexion/extension (e.g. a discus throw).
水平面将身体分为上下两部分；运动包括旋转和水平屈/伸（如掷铁饼）。
Flexion reduces the angle at a joint, while extension increases the angle.
屈减小关节角度，伸增加关节角度。
Abduction moves a limb away from the midline of the body; adduction brings it back towards the midline.
外展使肢体远离身体中线；内收使肢体回到中线。
Rotation is turning around the longitudinal axis of a bone; circumduction is a cone-shaped movement combining flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.
旋转是绕骨骼长轴转动；环转是一种圆锥形运动，结合了屈、伸、外展和内收。
Plantarflexion points the toes downwards (standing on tiptoe); dorsiflexion pulls the toes upwards towards the shin.
跖屈向下点脚趾（踮脚站立）；背屈使脚趾朝胫骨方向向上翘起。
5. Muscular System Key Terms | 肌肉系统关键术语
An agonist (prime mover) is the muscle that contracts to create movement at a joint. For example, the biceps is the agonist during elbow flexion.
主动肌（原动肌）是收缩以在关节处产生运动的肌肉。例如，肘关节屈曲时肱二头肌是主动肌。
An antagonist is the muscle that relaxes and opposes the action of the agonist. During bicep curls, the triceps is the antagonist.
拮抗肌是放松并对抗主动肌动作的肌肉。在做二头弯举时，肱三头肌是拮抗肌。
A fixator stabilises the origin of the agonist so that the movement can occur smoothly. The rotator cuff muscles often act as fixators.
固定肌稳定主动肌的起点，使运动能够平稳进行。肩袖肌群常充当固定肌。
A synergist helps the agonist by preventing unwanted movements. The brachialis acts as a synergist during elbow flexion.
协同肌通过防止不必要的运动来辅助主动肌。肱肌在肘屈曲时作为协同肌。
Isotonic contractions involve the muscle changing length under constant tension. Concentric contractions shorten the muscle (lifting phase); eccentric contractions lengthen the muscle under control (lowering phase).
等张收缩是肌肉在恒定张力下改变长度。向心收缩时肌肉缩短（举起阶段）；离心收缩时肌肉在控制下伸长（放下阶段）。
Isometric contractions involve the muscle developing tension without changing length, such as holding a plank position.
等长收缩是肌肉产生张力但不改变长度，例如保持平板支撑姿势。
6. Skeletal System Key Terms | 骨骼系统关键术语
The skeleton has five main functions: support, protection of vital organs, movement (providing levers for muscles), blood cell production (in bone marrow) and mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus).
骨骼有五个主要功能：支撑、保护重要器官、运动（为肌肉提供杠杆）、血细胞生成（在骨髓中）和矿物质储存（钙和磷）。
Long bones (e.g. femur) act as levers; short bones (e.g. carpals) provide strength and support; flat bones (e.g. cranium) protect organs; irregular bones (e.g. vertebrae) have complex shapes for specific functions.
长骨（如股骨）充作杠杆；短骨（如腕骨）提供强度与支撑；扁骨（如颅骨）保护器官；不规则骨（如椎骨）具有适应特定功能的复杂形状。
A hinge joint (e.g. elbow, knee) allows flexion and extension only, like a door hinge.
屈戍关节（如肘、膝关节）仅允许屈和伸，如同门铰链。
A ball and socket joint (e.g. shoulder, hip) allows the widest range of movement, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and rotation.
球窝关节（如肩、髋关节）允许最大范围的运动，包括屈、伸、外展、内收和旋转。
A pivot joint (e.g. between the atlas and axis in the neck) allows rotation only.
车轴关节（如颈部寰枢椎之间）仅允许旋转。
Ligaments connect bone to bone, providing stability; tendons connect muscle to bone, transmitting force.
韧带将骨与骨连接，提供稳定性；肌腱将肌肉与骨连接，传递力量。
7. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Terms | 心血管与呼吸系统术语
Heart rate (HR) is the number of heartbeats per minute (bpm). Resting HR typically decreases with improved fitness.
心率（HR）是每分钟心跳次数。安静心率通常随体适能提高而下降。
Stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat. Trained athletes have a higher SV.
每搏输出量（SV）是左心室每搏泵出的血量。受过训练的运动员 SV 更高。
output (Q) = HR × SV. It represents the total blood volume pumped by the heart per minute.
心输出量（Q）= 心率 × 每搏输出量，代表心脏每分钟泵出的血液总量。
Tidal volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath. It increases during exercise.
潮气量是正常呼吸中吸入或呼出的空气量，运动时增加。
Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation.
肺活量是尽最大可能吸气后所能呼出的最大空气量。
VO₂ max is the maximum volume of oxygen the body can use per minute per kilogram of body weight during intense exercise. It is a key indicator of aerobic endurance.
VO₂ max 是剧烈运动中身体每分钟每公斤体重所能利用的最大氧量，是有氧耐力的关键指标。
Aerobic exercise uses oxygen to break down glucose for energy, suitable for prolonged, lower-intensity activity. Anaerobic exercise provides energy without oxygen in high-intensity, short-duration bursts, producing lactic acid.
有氧运动利用氧气分解葡萄糖供能，适合长时间低强度活动。无氧运动在无氧条件下供能，用于高强度短时爆发，产生乳酸。
Oxygen debt (EPOC – Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption) is the additional oxygen required after anaerobic exercise to remove lactic acid and restore the body to its resting state.
氧债（运动后过量氧耗，EPOC）是无氧运动后为清除乳酸并使身体恢复安静状态所需的额外氧气。
8. Skill Classification and Feedback | 技能分类与反馈
An open skill is performed in an unpredictable, changing environment (e.g. a football pass in open play). A closed skill is performed in a stable, predictable setting (e.g. a golf swing).
开放式技能在不可预测、变化的环境中进行（如足球比赛中的传球）。闭锁式技能在稳定、可预测的环境中进行（如高尔夫挥杆）。
A gross skill involves large muscle movements and does not require high precision (e.g. running). A fine skill uses small muscle groups with high accuracy (e.g. snooker shot).
大肌肉技能涉及大肌肉群运动，无需极高精度（如跑步）。小肌肉技能使用小肌肉群且需高精度（如斯诺克击球）。
A simple skill has few sub-routines and limited information processing. A complex skill has many sub-routines and requires high concentration and decision-making.
简单技能的子程序少，信息处理有限。复杂技能子程序多，需要高度集中和决策。
Intrinsic feedback is information perceived by the performer through their own senses (kinaesthetic feeling). Extrinsic feedback comes from external sources such as a coach or video.
内在反馈是运动员通过自身感官（本体感觉）感知的信息。外在反馈来自教练或视频等外部来源。
Knowledge of results (KR) tells the performer about the outcome of the action (e.g. the time achieved in a race). Knowledge of performance (KP) provides information about how the movement was executed (technique).
结果知晓（KR）告知动作结果（如比赛成绩）。表现知晓（KP）提供关于运动执行方式（技术）的信息。
9. Goal Setting and Motivation | 目标设定与动机
SMART targets are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time-bound. They give direction and focus to a performer's training.
SMART 目标是具体、可测量、可达成、现实且有截止时间的目标，为训练提供方向和焦点。
A performance goal focuses on achieving a personal standard or technique improvement, independent of others (e.g. achieving a 90% pass completion rate).
表现目标专注于达到个人标准或技术改进，与他人无关（如传球成功率 90%）。
An outcome goal targets the end result of a competition, such as winning a race or a league title. It can be influenced by external factors.
结果目标针对比赛最终名次，如赢得比赛或联赛冠军，可能受外部因素影响。
Process goals concentrate on the techniques and strategies needed to perform well (e.g. keeping the elbow high during a rowing stroke). They improve performance indirectly.
过程目标关注成功表现所需的技术和策略（如划船时保持肘部抬高），间接提升表现。
Intrinsic motivation comes from personal satisfaction and enjoyment of the activity itself. Extrinsic motivation comes from external rewards such as medals, praise or prize money.
内在动机来自个人满足感和对活动本身的享受。外在动机来自奖牌、赞扬或奖金等外部奖励。
10. Performance Enhancing Drugs and Ethics | 兴奋剂与伦理
Anabolic steroids mimic testosterone, promoting muscle growth and faster recovery. Side effects include aggression, liver damage and increased risk of heart disease.
合成代谢类固醇模拟睾酮，促进肌肉生长和更快恢复。副作用包括攻击性、肝损伤和心脏病风险增加。
Beta blockers slow heart rate and reduce anxiety by blocking adrenaline. They are often misused in sports requiring steadiness such as archery. Risks include low blood pressure and fatigue.
β 受体阻滞剂通过阻断肾上腺素来减慢心率、减轻焦虑，常被滥用在意在需要稳定的项目中，如射箭。风险包括低血压和疲劳。
Stimulants (e.g. amphetamines, caffeine in high doses) increase alertness and reduce reaction time. They can cause insomnia, addiction and heart problems.
兴奋剂（如苯丙胺、高剂量咖啡因）提高警觉性并缩短反应时，可导致失眠、成瘾和心脏问题。
Narcotic analgesics mask pain, allowing injured athletes to compete. They are highly addictive and can worsen underlying injuries.
麻醉性镇痛剂掩盖疼痛，使受伤运动员得以参赛，极易成瘾并可能加重潜在伤势。
Diuretics increase urine production for rapid weight loss (useful in weight-category sports) and can be used to cover other drug use. They risk severe dehydration and kidney damage.
利尿剂增加尿量以实现快速减重（对按体重分级项目有用）并可掩盖其他药物使用，有严重脱水和肾损伤风险。
Peptide hormones such as EPO (erythropoietin) boost red blood cell production, increasing oxygen delivery and endurance. Their misuse thickens the blood, raising the danger of strokes and heart attacks.
肽类激素如 EPO（促红细胞生成素）增加红细胞生成，提升氧气输送和耐力。滥用会使血液变稠，增加中风和心脏病发作风险。
Ethics in sport include concepts of fair play, sportsmanship and integrity. Doping violates these principles and can lead to bans, loss of titles and health consequences.
体育伦理包括公平竞争、体育精神和诚信。使用兴奋剂违反这些原则，可能导致禁赛、失去头衔及健康后果。
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