GCSE Eduqas PE: Quick Memorisation Guide to Key Terms | GCSE Eduqas 体育：词汇术语速记指南

📚 GCSE Eduqas PE: Quick Memorisation Guide to Key Terms | GCSE Eduqas 体育：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering terminology is essential for success in GCSE Eduqas Physical Education. This guide provides clear definitions, memorable tricks, and bilingual explanations to help you learn and retain key terms across all topics – from anatomy and physiology to socio-cultural influences.

掌握术语是 GCSE Eduqas 体育考试成功的关键。本指南提供清晰的定义、巧妙的记忆法和中英双语解释，帮助你学习和牢记从解剖生理到社会文化影响等所有主题的关键词汇。

1. Anatomy and Physiology Key Terms | 解剖与生理核心术语

Heart Rate (HR) – The number of times the heart beats per minute. Memory trick: Place your fingers on your wrist and count for 15 seconds, then multiply by 4.

心率 – 心脏每分钟跳动的次数。记忆技巧：将手指放在手腕上数 15 秒，然后乘以 4。

Stroke Volume (SV) – The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat. Memory trick: Think of a sponge – each squeeze ejects a stroke of water.

每搏输出量 – 左心室每次搏动泵出的血液量。记忆技巧：想象一块海绵，每次挤压都会挤出一定量的水。

Cardiac Output (Q) – here output (Q) depends on how much each machine produces (SV) and how fast they run (HR).

心输出量 – 心脏每分钟泵出的血液总量，等于每搏输出量乘以心率。记忆技巧：心输出量 = 每搏量 × 心率；想象一座工厂，总产出取决于每台机器的产量和运转速度。

Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume × Heart Rate

Tidal Volume (TV) – The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in one normal breath. Memory trick: Think of the tide gently rising and falling – a small, usual volume.

潮气量 – 一次正常呼吸中吸入或呼出的空气量。记忆技巧：想想潮水缓缓涨落，代表平常呼吸的小量空气。

Minute Ventilation (VE) – tidal volume × breathing rate. Trick: Minute volume = tide per breath × number of breaths.

每分通气量 – 每分钟进出肺部的空气总量，等于潮气量 × 呼吸频率。记忆技巧：每分钟总量 = 每次呼吸的潮气量 × 呼吸次数。

Minute Ventilation = Tidal Volume × Respiratory Rate

Aerobic Exercise – to produce energy for low-to-moderate intensity efforts sustained over time. Memory trick: "Aerobic" = air, like a long jog where you breathe easily.

有氧运动 – 利用氧气产生能量、维持较长时间低至中等强度活动的运动。记忆技巧："有氧" = 需要空气，例如能轻松呼吸的长跑。

Anaerobic Exercise – High-intensity activity performed without sufficient oxygen, leading to lactic acid accumulation and a quick energy release. Trick: "An-" means without; think of a 100-metre sprint where you can't get enough air.

无氧运动 – 在没有足够氧气的情况下进行的高强度活动，导致乳酸堆积和快速供能。记忆技巧："无" = 没有氧气；想象百米冲刺时几乎喘不过气来。

Lactic Acid – A byproduct of anaerobic respiration that causes muscle fatigue and a burning sensation. Memory trick: "Lactic acid makes your legs feel like they are on fire."

乳酸 – 无氧呼吸产生的副产品，导致肌肉疲劳和灼烧感。记忆技巧："乳酸让你的腿像着火一样。"

Oxygen Debt / EPOC – The extra oxygen needed after exercise to clear lactic acid and restore the body. Memory trick: "You borrow energy and pay it back with panting after a sprint."

氧债 / 运动后过量氧耗 – 运动后额外需要的氧气量，用于清除乳酸并恢复身体。记忆技巧："你借了能量，然后在冲刺后大口喘气来偿还。"

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2. Components of Fitness | 体能组成要素

Agility – The ability to change the body's position quickly and with control. Trick: Picture a cat twisting in mid-air or a rugby winger side-stepping.

敏捷性 – 快速、有控制地改变身体位置的能力。记忆技巧：想象猫在半空中转身，或者橄榄球边锋的闪避步。

Balance – The ability to keep the body's centre of mass over the base of support. Trick: Think of a gymnast on a beam – static balance when still, dynamic balance when moving.

平衡 – 将身体重心保持在支撑面之上的能力。记忆技巧：想象平衡木上的体操运动员——静止时是静态平衡，移动时是动态平衡。

Coordination – The ability to use two or more body parts smoothly and efficiently together. Trick: Hand-eye coordination is like catching a ball; foot-eye coordination is like dribbling a football.

协调性 – 流畅高效地同时使用两个或两个以上身体部位的能力。记忆技巧：手眼协调比如接球；脚眼协调比如运足球。

Reaction Time – The time taken to respond to a stimulus. Trick: A sprinter exploding out of the blocks when they hear the gun. It is about speed of decision, not just movement.

反应时 – 对刺激作出反应所需的时间。记忆技巧：短跑选手听到枪声瞬间起跑。重点是决策速度，而不仅是动作速度。

Speed – The ability to move all or part of the body quickly. Trick: Think of a cheetah's legs moving rapidly – pure distance over time.

速度 – 快速移动全身或身体某部位的能力。记忆技巧：想象猎豹迅速摆动的腿，就是距离除以时间。

Power – ckly. Trick: Power = (Force × Distance) / Time. A javelin thrower uses explosive strength.

爆发力 – 结合速度与力量的能力，即快速发挥力量。记忆技巧：爆发力 = (力 × 距离) / 时间。标枪运动员发挥出爆炸性的力量。

Muscular Endurance – The ability of a muscle or muscle group to repeat contractions without fatigue. Trick: Rowing for 2000 metres requires your muscles to keep working again and again.

肌耐力 – 肌肉或肌群反复收缩而不疲劳的能力。记忆技巧：划船 2000 米需要肌肉一次又一次地持续工作。

Cardiovascular Endurance – The ability of the heart, lungs and blood vessels to supply oxygen to working muscles for a prolonged period. Trick: The marathon runner's superpower; think "heart and lungs keep going."

心血管耐力 – 心脏、肺和血管长时间为工作肌肉供氧的能力。记忆技巧：马拉松选手的超能力；想想"心肺持续运转"。

Flexibility – The range of movement possible around a joint. Trick: A gymnast doing the splits shows excellent flexibility.

柔韧性 – 关节周围可能的运动范围。记忆技巧：体操运动员做劈叉展示了极好的柔韧性。

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3. Principles of Training (SPORT & FITT) | 训练原则（SPORT 与 FITT）

Specificity – Training must be relevant to the sport or fitness goal. Memory trick: "Practise what you perform" – a swimmer trains in water, not on a treadmill.

专项性 – 训练必须与运动或健身目标相关。记忆技巧："练你所赛"——游泳选手在水中训练，而不是在跑步机上。

Progression – Gradually increasing the training load over time to keep improving. Trick: Add weight slowly, like climbing a ramp, not a cliff.

渐进性 – 随着时间逐渐增加训练负荷，以持续进步。记忆技巧：像爬缓坡一样慢慢加重，而非攀登悬崖。

Overload – e FITT principle (Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type) is applied to achieve overload. Trick: "Overload = push beyond your comfort zone."

超负荷 – 使身体承受超过平常的负荷，以促进适应。运用 FITT 原则（频率、强度、时间、类型）来实现超负荷。记忆技巧："超负荷 = 跳出舒适区。"

Reversibility – Fitness gains are quickly lost when training stops or is greatly reduced. Trick: "Use it or lose it" – if you stop running, your cardiovascular fitness declines.

可逆性 – 当训练停止或大幅减少时，体能提升会迅速丧失。记忆技巧："用进废退"——一旦停止跑步，心血管耐力就会下降。

Tedium – Variety is needed to prevent boredom and maintain motivation. Trick: Keep training interesting – swap cycling for swimming or try a new game.

趣味性 – 需要多样性来防止无聊并维持动力。记忆技巧：让训练保持有趣——用游泳代替骑行，或尝试新运动。

Frequency (FITT) – How often you train, e.g. three times per week. Trick: "F is for how Frequently you train."

频率 (FITT) – 训练的频率，例如每周三次。记忆技巧："F 代表训练得有多频繁 (Frequency)。"

Intensity (FITT) – How hard you train, often measured as a percentage of maximum heart rate. Trick: "I is for the Intensity of effort you put in."

Max HR = 220 – age

强度 (FITT) – 训练的难度，通常以最大心率的百分比来衡量。记忆技巧："I 代表付出的努力强度 (Intensity)。"

Time (FITT) – How long each training session lasts. Trick: "T for Time – the duration of your workout."

时间 (FITT) – 每次训练持续的时间。记忆技巧："T 代表训练时长 (Time)。"

Type (FITT) – The method or kind of training undertaken, e.g. continuous or interval. Trick: "T for Type – what kind of exercise you choose."

类型 (FITT) – 采用的训练方法或种类，例如持续训练或间歇训练。记忆技巧："T 代表训练类型 (Type)。"

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4. Methods of Training | 训练方法

Continuous Training – Steady-state exercise lasting at least 20 minutes without rest, mainly aerobic. Trick: Picture a jogger maintaining the same speed for a long time – no pauses.

持续训练 – 至少 20 分钟无间歇的稳态运动，主要为有氧。记忆技巧：想象一位跑者长时间保持相同速度——没有停顿。

Fartlek Training – 'Speed play' combining varied speeds, often over natural terrain. Trick: Think of a football player varying sprinting, jogging and walking – changes pace frequently.

法特莱克训练 – "速度游戏"，通常在自然地形上结合不同速度的训练。记忆技巧：想象足球运动员交替冲刺、慢跑和行走——频繁变换速度。

Interval Training – Alternating periods of high-intensity effort with recovery periods. Trick: A stopwatch beeping for 30 seconds of work, 30 seconds of rest – precise timing.

间歇训练 – 高强度运动期与恢复期交替进行。记忆技巧：秒表每 30 秒鸣响一次，30 秒工作、30 秒休息——精确计时。

Circuit Training – A series of exercise stations completed in sequence with minimal rest. Trick: Imagine moving around a circle, from press-ups to squats to skipping – a circuit of activities.

循环训练 – 按顺序完成一系列运动站，中间休息极短。记忆技巧：想象绕一个圆圈移动，从俯卧撑到深蹲再到跳绳——一个活动循环。

Weight Training – Using free weights or machines to improve muscular strength, endurance or power. Trick: "Progressive overload" happens by adding more weight or reps over weeks.

重量训练 – 使用自由重量或器械来提高肌力、肌耐力或爆发力。记忆技巧：数周内逐渐增加重量或次数，实现"渐进超负荷"。

HIIT (High-Intensity Interval Training) – Brief, near-maximal bursts followed by rest, very effective for improving anaerobic and aerobic fitness. Trick: "Go all out for 20 seconds, then recover 10 seconds – repeat."

高强度间歇训练 (HIIT) – 短暂的近极限爆发后休息，对提升无氧和有氧能力非常有效。记忆技巧："全力冲刺 20 秒，休息 10 秒——重复进行。"

Plyometric Training – Explosive movements like jumping and bounding that stretch and then rapidly contract muscles (stretch-shortening cycle). Trick: Think of a basketball player leaping for a rebound – quick on, quick off the ground.

增强式训练 – 如跳跃、弹跳等爆发性动作，先伸展再快速收缩肌肉（拉长-缩短周期）。记忆技巧：想象篮球运动员跳起抢篮板——快速起跳、快速着地。

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5. Skill Classification Terms | 技能分类术语

Open Skill – A skill performed in an unpredictable, changing environment where the performer must react to external factors. Trick: A football pass during a match is open – opponents and teammates constantly move.

开放式技能 – 在不可预测、变化的环境中完成的技能，执行者须根据外部因素做出反应。记忆技巧：足球比赛中的传球是开放式的——对手和队友不停移动。

Closed Skill – A skill performed in a stable, predictable environment, allowing the performer to control the timing. Trick: A free-throw in basketball or a discus throw – no direct interference.

封闭式技能 – 在稳定、可预测的环境中执行，执行者可自行控制时机。记忆技巧：篮球罚球或掷铁饼——没有直接干扰。

Gross Motor Skill – A skill involving large muscle groups and large movements. Trick: Running uses big leg muscles – think "gross" as in big.

大肌肉技能 – 涉及大肌肉群和大动作的技能。记忆技巧：跑步动用大腿大肌肉——想象大（gross）就是大型动作。

Fine Motor Skill – A skill involving small, precise movements, often using the hands and fingers. Trick: A snooker player making a delicate shot – fine control.

精细动作技能 – 涉及小范围、精准动作的技能，通常用手和手指。记忆技巧：斯诺克选手打出细腻的一杆——精细控制。

Discrete Skill – A skill with a clear beginning and end, often a single movement. Trick: A penalty kick – one kick, one outcome.

分立技能 – 具有明确开始和结束的技能，通常是单一动作。记忆技巧：点球——一次踢球，一个结果。

Serial Skill – A series of discrete skills strung together in a sequence. Trick: A gymnastics floor routine links jumps, turns and balances into a chain.

序列技能 – 一连串分立技能按顺序组合在一起。记忆技巧：体操自由操将跳跃、转体和平衡联结成串。

Continuous Skill – A skill with no obvious beginning or end, with movement flowing on. Trick: Cycling or swimming – the action repeats continuously.

连续性技能 – 没有明显起点和终点的技能，动作持续流动。记忆技巧：骑自行车或游泳——动作不断重复。

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6. Sports Psychology Key Terms | 运动心理学关键术语

Intrinsic Motivation – The drive to participate for personal satisfaction and enjoyment. Trick: "I do it because I love it."

内在动机 – 为获得个人满足感和乐趣而参与的内在驱动力。记忆技巧："我做它因为我爱它。"

Extrinsic Motivation – The drive to participate for external rewards such as trophies, money or praise. Trick: Playing for a medal – the reward comes from outside.

外在动机 – 为了奖杯、金钱或表扬等外部奖励而参与的驱动力。记忆技巧：为奖牌而比赛——奖励来自外部。

Arousal – The level of mental readiness and excitement experienced by a performer. According to the inverted-U theory, there is an optimal level of arousal for peak performance. Trick: "Too relaxed – slow; too fired up – mistakes; just right – perfect."

唤醒水平 – 运动员体验到的心理准备和兴奋程度。根据倒 U 型理论，存在一个产生最佳表现的最优唤醒水平。记忆技巧："太放松则慢；太激动则出错；恰到好处则完美。"

Anxiety – A negative state of worry and nervousness that can harm performance. Somatic anxiety affects the body (butterflies, sweating), while cognitive anxiety involves mental thoughts (worrying about failure).

焦虑 – 有害表现的担忧和紧张消极状态。躯体焦虑影响身体（如胃部不适、出汗），认知焦虑涉及心理思维（如担心失败）。

Aggression – Any behaviour intended to harm another person. In sport, direct aggression involves physical contact (a punch), while indirect aggression involves channelling force onto an object (hitting a ball hard).

攻击性 – 意图伤害他人的行为。运动中，直接攻击涉及身体接触（如拳打），间接攻击则将力量施加在物体上（如用力击球）。

Imagery / Mental Rehearsal – Picturing the perfect performance in your mind before executing it. Trick: Imagine yourself scoring the winning goal – it builds confidence and muscle memory.

表象 / 心理演练 – 在执行前于脑海中描绘完美表现。记忆技巧：想象自己打进制胜一球——这能建立信心和肌肉记忆。

SMART Targets – Goals should be Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Recorded/Realistic, Timed. Trick: "SMART like an arrow hitting the centre of a target."

SMART 目标 – 目标应具体、可衡量、可达成、可记录/实际、有时限。记忆技巧："像利箭般 SMART，正中靶心。"

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7. Socio-cultural Influences | 社会文化影响

Commercialisation – The process of making sport into a business, involving sponsorship, media coverage and professional athletes. Trick: Think of the Premier League logos, TV deals and branded kits – sport sold as entertainment.

商业化 – 将运动变为一门生意的过程，涉及赞助、媒体报道和职业运动员。记忆技巧：想象英超联赛的标志、电视转播合同和赞助球衣——运动被当作娱乐出售。

Sponsorship – Financial or material support provided to a team or athlete in return for brand exposure. Trick: A company's logo on a racing car means the sponsor pays for visibility.

赞助 – 向团队或运动员提供资金或物资支持，以换取品牌曝光。记忆技巧：赛车上的公司标志意味着赞助商为知名度付费。

Media – Television, radio, print and digital platforms that broadcast sport, increase its popularity and generate revenue. Trick: "No media, no mass audience."

媒体 – 电视、广播、平面及数字平台，用于传播赛事、提升流行度和创收。记忆技巧："没有媒体，就没有大众观众。"

Etiquette – Unwritten rules and conventions of behaviour within a sport, showing respect for others. Trick: Shaking hands after a match or kicking the ball out when an opponent is injured.

体育礼仪 – 运动中约定俗成的行为规范，体现对他人的尊重。记忆技巧：赛后握手，或在对手受伤时将球踢出界外。

Sportsmanship – Fair play, respect for opponents and officials, and gracious behaviour whether winning or losing. Trick: "Play fair, respect the game."

运动家精神 – 公平竞争、尊重对手与裁判、无论输赢都保持风度的行为。记忆技巧："公平竞赛，尊重比赛。"

Gamesmanship – Bending the rules without breaking them to gain an advantage. Trick: Taking extra time on a free kick to disrupt the opponent's rhythm – it's not illegal but is frowned upon.

竞技取巧 – 在不违反规则的前提下钻规则空子以获取优势。记忆技巧：在任意球时故意拖延时间打乱对手节奏——虽然不违规，但不被赞许。

Deviance – Deliberately breaking the rules and exceeding the accepted norms of sport. Trick: Using performance-enhancing drugs or intentional foul play – crosses the line completely.

违规行为 – 故意违反规则、超出体育可接受规范的行为。记忆技巧：使用兴奋剂或蓄意犯规——完全越界。

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8. Health, Fitness and Well-being | 健康、体能与幸福

Sedentary Lifestyle – A way of living with little or no physical activity, linked to health risks such as obesity and heart disease. Trick: "Sitting is the new smoking" – too much sitting increases health risks.

久坐生活方式 – 极少或没有身体活动的生活方式，与肥胖和心脏病等健康风险相关。记忆技巧："久坐如同吸烟"——坐得太久增加健康风险。

Obesity

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