📚 GCSE Eduqas Music: Quick Guide to Vocabulary and Terminology | GCSE Eduqas 音乐：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering musical terminology is essential for success in GCSE Eduqas Music. This guide provides a compact, bilingual overview of the key terms you need to know, covering melody, harmony, rhythm, texture, structure, dynamics, tempo, timbre and more. Use the paired English–Chinese explanations and memory tips to build your confidence for the exam.
掌握音乐术语是 GCSE Eduqas 音乐成功的关键。本指南为你提供了一份中英对照的关键术语概览，涵盖旋律、和声、节奏、织体、结构、力度、速度、音色等方面。利用英中配对解释和记忆技巧，提升考试信心。
1. Melodic Terms | 旋律术语
Conjunct – stepwise motion, moving between adjacent notes of the scale.
级进 – 邻音移动，在音阶的相邻音符之间进行。
Disjunct – angular motion with leaps larger than a step.
跳进 – 带有多于级进的大跳的角状移动。
Sequence – repetition of a melodic phrase at a higher or lower pitch.
模进 – 旋律片段在高或低音高上的重复。
Motif – a short, distinctive musical idea used as a building block.
动机 – 用作构建块的短小、独特的音乐想法。
Ostinato – a persistently repeated musical phrase or rhythm.
固定音型 – 持续重复的乐句或节奏型。
Range (Tessitura) – the distance between the lowest and highest notes of a part or instrument.
音域 – 声部或乐器最低音到最高音的距离。
Leap – an interval larger than a whole step; often creates drama.
大跳 – 大于全音的音程，常制造戏剧性。
Passing note – a non-chord note that steps between two chord tones.
经过音 – 在两个和弦音之间级进经过的非和弦音。
Quick memory tip: Think of 'conjunct' as 'connected' steps, and 'disjunct' as 'disjointed' leaps. Ostinato is 'obstinate' repetition!
速记技巧： 联想 '级进' 为 '连接' 的步进，'跳进' 为 '脱节' 的跳动。固定音型就像 '顽固' 的重复！
2. Harmony & Tonality | 和声与调性
Diatonic – using only notes belonging to the key; mostly consonant.
自然音阶式 – 仅使用属于该调的调内音，多协和。
Chromatic – incorporating notes outside the key, often for colour or tension.
半音阶式 – 引入调外音，常用于增添色彩或紧张感。
Consonance – notes that sound stable and pleasant together.
协和音程 – 听起来稳定悦耳的音符组合。
Dissonance – notes that clash and create tension, often resolved.
不协和音程 – 产生碰撞与紧张的音符组合，通常需要解决。
Triad – a three-note chord made of a root, third and fifth.
三和弦 – 由根音、三音和五音构成的三音和弦。
Perfect cadence – V → I; sounds complete and final.
完全终止 – V → I，听感完整终结。
Plagal cadence – IV → I; the 'Amen' cadence.
变格终止 – IV → I，'阿门'终止。
Imperfect cadence – ends on V; feels unfinished.
不完全终止 – 终止于V级，有未完感。
Modulation – a change of key within a piece.
转调 – 乐曲内部的调性变化。
Relative minor – the minor key that shares the same key signature (e.g. C major – A minor).
关系小调 – 使用同样调号的小调，如 C大调—a小调。
3. Rhythm & Metre | 节奏与节拍
Simple time – each beat divides into two equal parts (e.g. 2/4, 3/4, 4/4).
单拍子 – 每拍平分两个等份，如 2/4, 3/4, 4/4。
Compound time – each beat divides into three equal parts (e.g. 6/8, 9/8, 12/8).
复拍子 – 每拍均分三份，如 6/8, 9/8, 12/8。
Syncopation – emphasis on a normally weak beat or off-beat, creating a displaced accent.
切分音 – 强调通常的弱拍或弱位，产生移位重音。
Dotted rhythm – a note followed by a dot, lengthening it by half, often paired with a shorter note.
附点节奏 – 附点延长音符一半时值，常与短音配对。
Anacrusis – an upbeat; notes before the first strong beat of a phrase.
弱起小节 – 上拍；在乐句首强拍之前的音符。
Hemiola – a shift from two-beat grouping to three-beat grouping, common in Baroque music.
赫米奥拉 – 从二拍分组转为三拍分组，常见于巴洛克音乐。
Polyrhythm – two or more contrasting rhythms played simultaneously.
复合节奏 – 同时演奏的两条或多条对照节奏。
Cross rhythm – a rhythmic conflict where the accent pattern contradicts the metre.
交错节奏 – 重音模式与节拍相冲突的节奏矛盾。
Memory hack: For compound time, count '1 and a 2 and a' to feel the three-part subdivision.
记忆诀窍： 复拍子可数 '1 and a 2 and a' 体会三分的律动。
4. Tempo | 速度
Largo – very slow and broad.
广板 – 非常缓慢而宽广。
Adagio – slow and stately.
柔板 – 慢而庄严。
Andante – at a walking pace.
行板 – 步行速度。
Moderato – moderate speed.
中板 – 中等速度。
Allegro – fast, lively.
快板 – 快速、活泼。
Vivace – very lively and brisk.
活板 – 非常活泼轻快。
Presto – very fast.
急板 – 非常快。
Accelerando (accel.) – gradually getting faster.
渐快 – 速度逐渐加快。
Rallentando (rall.) – gradually getting slower.
渐慢 – 速度逐渐变慢。
Rubato – expressive, flexible tempo; 'robbed time'.
自由节奏 – 富有表情的弹性速度，'被偷走的时间'。
Tempo mnemonic: Largo – 'large' slow waves; Allegro – 'allegorically' fast-paced action.
速度记忆法： Largo 联想 '大' 的慢波，Allegro 联想 '快节奏的寓言故事'。
5. Dynamics & Expression | 力度与表情
Pianissimo (pp) – very soft.
很弱 (pp) – 非常轻柔。
Piano (p) – soft.
弱 (p) – 轻柔。
Mezzo piano (mp) – moderately soft.
中弱 (mp) – 中等轻柔。
Mezzo forte (mf) – moderately loud.
中强 (mf) – 中等响亮。
Forte (f) – loud.
强 (f) – 响亮。
Fortissimo (ff) – very loud.
很强 (ff) – 非常响亮。
Crescendo (cresc.) – gradually getting louder.
渐强 – 音量逐渐增大。
Diminuendo (dim.) – gradually getting softer.
渐弱 – 音量逐渐减小。
Sforzando (sfz) – a sudden, strong accent.
特强 – 突然的强调重音。
Dolce – sweetly.
甜美地 – 甜美温柔的演奏。
Cantabile – in a singing style.
如歌地 – 歌唱般的风格。
6. Structure & Form | 曲式结构
Binary form (AB) – two contrasting sections, often repeated (AABB).
二段体 (AB) – 两个对比乐段，常反复呈 AABB。
Ternary form (ABA) – three sections with the first returning after a contrasting middle.
三段体 (ABA) – 三部分，对比中段后首段再现。
Rondo – a main theme (A) alternates with contrasting episodes (ABACA).
回旋曲式 – 主部主题(A)与对比插部交替，如 ABACA。
Theme and Variations – a melody is repeated with alterations in harmony, rhythm, texture, etc.
主题与变奏 – 旋律重复但改变和声、节奏、织体等。
Strophic form – the same music for each verse of a song.
分节歌式 – 每段歌词使用相同音乐的歌曲结构。
Through-composed – music continuously changes without large-scale repetition.
通谱体 – 音乐不断变化，无明显反复。
Sonata form – exposition (themes in two keys), development, recapitulation (themes in tonic).
奏鸣曲式 – 呈示部(两主题不同调性)、展开部、再现部(主题回归主调)。
Coda – a closing section that concludes a piece.
尾声 – 结束乐曲的收束段落。
Bridge – a contrasting passage linking two sections.
桥段 – 连接两个乐段的对比段落。
Tip: Rondo sounds like 'round-o', going round and returning to A.
提示： 回旋曲 'Rondo' 如同 'round-o'，绕圈回归A主题。
7. Texture | 织体
Monophonic – a single unaccompanied melodic line; all in unison.
单音织体 – 单一无伴奏旋律线，众人齐奏齐唱。
Homophonic – melody with chordal accompaniment; all parts move in similar rhythm.
主调织体 – 旋律加和弦伴奏，各声部节奏大致相同。
Polyphonic/Contrapuntal – two or more independent melodic lines interweaving.
复调织体/对位织体 – 两个或多个独立旋律线交错编织。
Heterophonic – simultaneous variations of the same melody, common in folk music.
支声织体 – 同一旋律的同时变奏，常见于民间音乐。
Melody and accompaniment – a clear tune supported by chords or patterns.
旋律与伴奏 – 清晰曲调由和弦或节奏型支撑。
Imitative – a texture where a musical idea is copied in another part, as in a canon.
模仿织体 – 一音乐想法在另一声部复制，如卡农。
Unison – all forces play or sing the same notes at the same pitch or octave.
齐奏/齐唱 – 所有人同度或八度演奏相同音符。
Thick/thin texture – refers to the number of layers and density of sound.
厚薄织体 – 指声部层次的数量和声响密度。
Quick link: Mono = one, Poly = many, Homo = same. Texture tells the 'fabric' of music.
速记： Mono一、Poly多、Homo同。织体就是音乐的'编织方式'。
8. Timbre & Instruments | 音色与乐器
Strings – violin, viola, cello, double bass; played arco (bowed) or pizzicato (plucked).
弦乐器 – 小提琴、中提琴、大提琴、低音提琴；可用弓(arco)或拨奏(pizzicato)。
Woodwind – flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon; produce sound by blowing, reeds used in oboe/clarinet/bassoon.
木管乐器 – 长笛、双簧管、单簧管、大管；通过吹气发声，双簧管/单簧管/大管用簧片。
Brass – trumpet, French horn, trombone, tuba; buzz lips into a mouthpiece; use mutes for colour.
铜管乐器 – 小号、圆号、长号、大号；嘴唇震动发声；可用弱音器改变音色。
Percussion – pitched (timpani, xylophone) and unpitched (snare drum, cymbals).
打击乐器 – 有音高的如定音鼓、木琴；无音高的如小军鼓、镲。
Soprano – highest female voice.
女高音 – 最高女性声部。
Alto – lowest female voice or highest male (countertenor).
女中音 – 最低女声或最高男声(假声男高音)。
Tenor – high male voice.
男高音 – 高男声。
Bass – low male voice.
男低音 – 低男声。
Con sordino – with mute (strings or brass).
加弱音器 – 弦乐或铜管使用弱音器。
Tremolo – rapid repetition of a single note or rapid alternation between two notes.
震音 – 快速重复单一音符或快速交替双音。
9. Articulation & Techniques | 演奏法
Legato – smoothly, notes connected without gaps.
连奏/连唱 – 平滑地，音符之间无空隙。
Staccato – short and detached; marked with a dot above/below the note.
断奏 – 短促分离；音符上方/下方标以圆点。
Tenuto – hold the note for its full value, often slightly weighted.
保持音 – 充分保持音符时值，常略带强调。
Accent (>) – a strong attack on the note.
重音 (>) – 强劲的音头强调。
Marcato – marked, stressed, often shorter than an accent.
强调刻重 – 标志鲜明的断加重音。
Slur – a curved line indicating legato playing for a group of notes.
连线 – 表示一组音符连奏的弧线。
Tie – a curved line joining two notes of the same pitch, summing their durations.
延音线 – 连接同音高两音符的弧线，时值相加。
Glissando – a rapid slide up or down the scale.
滑奏/滑音 – 沿音阶急速上下滑行。
Vibrato – a slight, rapid variation in pitch for expressive warmth.
揉弦/颤吟 – 音高小幅快速波动以增加表情暖度。
Trill (tr) – rapid alternation between the written note and the note above.
颤音 (tr) – 本音与上方邻音快速交替。
10. Ornamentation & Special Symbols | 装饰音与特殊记号
Appoggiatura – a leaning note that takes half the value of the main note, creating a dissonant tension.
倚音 – 占主要音一半时值的倚靠音，产生不协和紧张。
Acciaccatura – a crushed note, played very quickly before the main note; written with a slash through the stem.
碎音 – 极短的前置装饰音，符干上有斜线。
Mordent (upper/lower) – rapid alternation between the note, the note above (upper) or below (lower), and back.
波音 (上/下) – 本音与上方音(上波音)或下方音(下波音)快速交替后回本音。
Turn – four-note ornament: note above, note, note below, note.
回音 – 四音装饰：上方音-本音-下方音-本音。
Fermata (pause) – hold the note longer than its written value, as directed by the performer or conductor.
延音记号 (⌒) – 根据表演者或指挥，将音符延长至超出记谱时值。
Da Capo (D.C.) – return to the beginning of the piece.
从头反复 (D.C.) – 回到乐曲开头。
Dal Segno (D.S.) – return to the sign (𝄋).
从记号反复 (D.S.) – 回到记号 𝄋 处。
Repeat sign – the double bar with dots indicating a section to be repeated.
反复记号 – 带附点的双纵线，表示乐段重复。
Arpeggio – notes of a chord played in succession, usually ascending.
琶音 – 和弦音依次奏出，常见上行。
8va – play an octave higher than written.
高八度演奏 – 比记谱高八度演奏。
Memory booster: Ornaments are like musical 'seasonings' – appoggiaturas lean, acciaccaturas crush, mordents bite!
记忆助推： 装饰音如同音乐中的'调味料'——倚音倚靠、碎音碾
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